C++ OOP

(Object-Oriented
Programming)
C++ Programming
• Introduction
• Syntax
• Output (Print Text)
• Comments
• Variables
C++ Introduction

What is C++?
• C++ is a cross-platform language that can be used to create high-performance
applications. Using Awesome Backgrounds
• C++ gives programmers a high level of control over system resources and memory.
C++ Introduction

Why Use C++

• C++ is one of the world's most popular programming languages.
• C++ can be found in today's operating systems, Graphical User Interfaces, and
embedded systems.
• C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to
programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs.
• C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be adapted to
multiple platforms.
• C++ is fun and easy to learn!
• As C++ is close to C# and Java, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to C++ or
vice versa
C++ Getting Started

C++ Get Started

To start using C++, you need two things:
• A text editor, like Notepad, to write C++ code
• A compiler, like GCC, to translate the C++ code into a language that the computer will
understand
There are many text editors and compilers to choose from. In this portion, we will use an
IDE
• An IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is used to edit AND compile the code.
• Popular IDE's include Code::Blocks, Eclipse, and Visual Studio. These are all free, and
they can be used to both edit and debug C++ code.
C++ Introduction

C++ Quickstart
o Let's create our first C++ file.
o Open Codeblocks and go to File > New > Empty File.
Write the following C++ code and save the file as myfirstprogram.cpp (File > Save File as):
myfirstprogram.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
C++ Introduction

C++ Syntax
Let's break up the previous code to understand it better:

Line 1: #include <iostream> is a header file library that lets us work with input and output
objects, such as cout (used in line 5). Header files add functionality to C++ programs.

Line 2: using namespace std means that we can use names for objects and variables from
the standard library.
Don't worry if you don't understand how #include <iostream> and using namespace
std works. Just think of it as something that (almost) always appears in your program.
C++ Introduction

Line 3: A blank line. C++ ignores white space. But we use it to make the code more readable.

Line 4: Another thing that always appear in a C++ program, is int main(). This is called a function. Any
code inside its curly brackets {} will be executed.

Line 5: cout (pronounced "see-out") is an object used together with the insertion operator (<<) to
output/print text. In our example it will output "Hello World".

Note: Every C++ statement ends with a semicolon ;.

Note: The body of int main() could also been written as:
int main () { cout << "Hello World! "; return 0; }
Remember: The compiler ignores white spaces. However, multiple lines makes the code more
readable.
C++ Introduction

Line 6: return 0 ends the main function.

Line 7: Do not forget to add the closing curly bracket } to actually end the main function

Omitting Namespace
You might see some C++ programs that runs without the standard namespace library. The using namespace
std line can be omitted and replaced with the std keyword, followed by the :: operator for some objects:
#include <iostream>

int main() {
std::cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
C++ Introduction

C++ Output (Print Text)

The cout object, together with the << operator, is used to output values/print text:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!";
cout << "I am learning C++";
return 0;
}
You can add as many cout objects as you want. However, note that it does not insert a new line
at the end of the output:
C++ Introduction

New Lines
To insert a new line, you can use the \n character:

First way Second way

#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;

int main() { int main() {

cout << "Hello World! \n"; cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
cout << "I am learning C++"; cout << "I am learning C++";
return 0; return 0;
} }
Tip: Two \n characters after each other will create a blank line:
Both \n and endl are used to break lines. However, \n is used more often and is the preferred way.
C++ Introduction

Comments
Comments can be used to explain C++ code, and to make it more readable. It can also be used to prevent execution when testing alternative code.
Comments can be singled-lined or multi-lined.

Single-line Comments
• Single-line comments start with two forward slashes (//).
• Any text between // and the end of the line is ignored by the compiler (will not be executed).
This example uses a single-line comment before a line of code:

Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
// This is a comment
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
C++ Introduction

Multi-line Comments
• Multi-line comments start with /* and ends with */.
• Any text between /* and */ will be ignored by the compiler:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
/* The code below will print the words Hello World!
to the screen, and it is amazing */
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
Single or multi-line comments?
 It is up to you which you want to use. Normally, we use // for short comments, and /* */ for longer.
C++ Introduction

Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values.
In C++, there are different types of variables (defined with different keywords), for example:
• int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123
• double - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99
• char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by single quotes
• string - stores text, such as "Hello World". String values are surrounded by double quotes
• bool - stores values with two states: true or false
Declaring (Creating) Variables
To create a variable, specify the type and assign it a value:
Syntax:- type variableName = value;
C++ Introduction
 Where type is one of C++ types (such as int), and variableName is the name of the variable (such as x or myName).
The equal sign is used to assign values to the variable.
 To create a variable that should store a number, look at the following example:

Example
Create a variable called myNum of type int and assign it the value 15:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int myNum = 15;
cout << myNum;
return 0;
}
C++ Introduction
You can also declare a variable without assigning the value, and assign the value later:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int myNum;
myNum = 15;
cout << myNum;
return 0;
}
Note that if you assign a new value to an existing variable, it will overwrite the previous value:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int myNum = 15; // Now myNum is 15
myNum = 10; // Now myNum is 10
cout << myNum;
return 0;
}
C++ Introduction

Other Types
A demonstration of other data types:

int myNum = 5; // Integer (whole number without decimals)

double myFloatNum = 5.99; // Floating point number (with decimals)
char myLetter = 'D'; // Character
string myText = "Hello"; // String (text)
bool myBoolean = true; // Boolean (true or false)

Display Variables
The cout object is used together with the << operator to display variables.
To combine both text and a variable, separate them with the << operator:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int myAge = 35;
cout << "I am " << myAge << " years old.";
return 0;
}
C++ Introduction

Add Variables Together

To add a variable to another variable, you can use the + operator:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int x = 5;
int y = 6;
int sum = x + y;
cout << sum;
return 0;
}
C++ Introduction

Declare Multiple Variables

To declare more than one variable of the same type, use a comma-separated list:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int x = 5, y = 6, z = 50;
cout << x + y + z;
return 0;
}
C++ Introduction

One Value to Multiple Variables

You can also assign the same value to multiple variables in one line:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int x, y, z;
x = y = z = 50;
cout << x + y + z;
return 0;
}
C++ Introduction

Identifiers
All C++ variables must be identified with unique names.
These unique names are called identifiers
Identifiers can be short names (like x and y) or more descriptive names (age, sum, totalVolume).
Note: It is recommended to use descriptive names in order to create understandable and maintainable code:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
// Good name
int minutesPerHour = 60;

// OK, but not so easy to understand what m actually is

int m = 60;

cout << minutesPerHour << "\n";

cout << m;
return 0;
}
C++ Introduction

The general rules for naming variables are:

• Names can contain letters, digits and underscores
• Names must begin with a letter or an underscore (_)
• Names are case sensitive (myVar and myvar are different variables)
• Names cannot contain whitespaces or special characters like !, #, %, etc.
• Reserved words (like C++ keywords, such as int) cannot be used as names
C++ Introduction

Constants
When you do not want others (or yourself) to override existing variable values, use the const keyword (this
will declare the variable as "constant", which means unchangeable and read-only):

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
const int myNum = 15;
myNum = 10;
cout << myNum;
return 0;
}
C++ Introduction

You should always declare the variable as constant when you have values that are unlikely to change:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
const int minutesPerHour = 60;
const float PI = 3.14;
cout << minutesPerHour << "\n";
cout << PI;
return 0;
}
C++ Introduction