Unit 4

Requirement Analysis and

Specification
Analysis Models Part 3
 Activity & Swimlane Diagram
Activity Diagram
An activity diagram visually presents a series of operation or flow of control in a system
similar to algorithm or a flowchart.

 An activity diagram is like a traditional flowchart in that it show the flow of control from step
to step.
 An activity diagram can show both sequential and concurrent flow of control.
 Activity diagram mainly focus on the sequence of operation rather than on objects.
 Activity diagram represent the dynamic behavior of the system or part of the system.
 An activity diagram shows ‘How’ system works.
 Activity diagram are most useful during early stages of designing algorithms and workflows.

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Elements of Activity Diagram
Activity Activity

 The main element of an activity diagram is the activity itself.

 An activity is a function/operation performed by the system.
 The elongated ovals show activities.
 An unlabeled arrow from one activity to another activity, that indicates that the first activity
must complete before the second activity begin.
[true] [false]
Branches
 If there is more than one successor to an activity, each arrow may be labeled with a
condition in square brackets. For e.g. [failure]
 As a notational convenience, a diamond shows a branch into multiple successors.
 The diamond has one incoming arrows and two or more outgoing arrows. Each with
condition.

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Elements of Activity Diagram Cont.
Initiation
 A solid circle with an outgoing arrow shows the starting point of an activity diagram.
 When an activity diagram is activated, control starts at the solid circle and proceeds via the
outgoing arrow toward the first activities.

Termination
 A bull’s eye – a solid circle surrounded by a hollow circle shows the termination point.
 The symbol only has incoming arrows.
 When control reaches a bull’s eye, the overall activity is complete and execution of the
activity diagram ends.

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Elements of Activity Diagram Cont.
Concurrent Activities
 System can perform more than one activity at a time.
 For e.g. one activity may be followed by another activity, then split into several concurrent
activities (a fork of control), and finally be combined into a single activity (a merge of
control).
 A fork or merge is shown by a synchronization bar –a heavy line with one or more input
arrows and one or more output arrows.
Merge Fork

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Example of Fork & Join
 An example of business flow activity of Process Order
order processing, based on the Example Receive Order
order is input parameter of the activity.
 After order is accepted and all required
information is filled in, payment is Fill Order Send Invoice
accepted, and order is shipped. [priority order] [else]

 Note, that this business flow allows

order shipment before invoice is sent or Special Regular
payment is confirmed. Delivery delivery
Receive Payment

Close Order

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Guideline for Activity Diagram
 Activity diagram elaborate the details of computation, thus documenting the steps needed to
implement an operation or a business process.
 Activity diagram can help developers to understand complex computations by graphically
displaying the progression through intermediate execution steps.
 Here is some advice for activity diagram.

Don’t misuse activity

diagram
 Activity diagrams are intended to elaborate use case and sequence models so that a developer
can study algorithms and workflow.
 Activity diagrams supplement the object-oriented focus of UML models and should not be
used as an excuse to develop software via flowchart.

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Guideline for Activity Diagram
Level diagrams
 Activities on a diagram should be at a consistent level of details.
 Place additional details for an activity in a separate diagram.

Be careful with branches and conditions

 If there are conditions, at last one must be satisfied when an activity completes, consider
using an [else] condition.
 It is possible for multiple conditions to be satisfied otherwise this is an error condition.

Be careful with concurrent activities

 Means that the activities can complete in any order and still yield an acceptable result.
 Before a merge can happen, all inputs must first complete

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How to Draw an Activity Diagram
 Step 1: Identify the various activities and actions your business process or system
 Step 2: Find a flow among the activities
 For e.g. in library management system, book issue is a one business process or a function.
Show we prepare a activity diagram for Book issue.
 Various activity in book issue process like…
 Check availability of book
 Validate the member
 Check No. of books issued by member
 Add book issue details to transaction
 Update no of book issued by member
 Update book status.

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Activity Diagram for Book Issue

Check availability book

[book not available] Alert “Book not
[book available] available”
Validate
Member
Alert “not a [unauthorized user]
valid member” [authorized user]
No. of books issued to member
[max limit] Alert “No more
book can be issued”
[else]
Add book issue details to transaction

Update no of book issued to member Update book status

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Swimlane Diagram
 In a business model, it is often useful to know which human department is responsible for an
activity.
 When design of the system is complete, the activity will be assigned to a person/department,
but at a high level it is sufficient to partition the activities among departments.
 You can show such a partitioning with an activity diagram by dividing in to columns and
lines.
 Each column is called swim-lane by analogy to a swimming pool.
 Placing an activity within a particular swim-lane indicates that is performed by a person/
department.
 Lines across swim-lane boundaries indicate interaction among different person/department.

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How to Draw a Swimlane Diagram
 Step 1: Identify the various activities and actions your business process or system
 Step 2: Figure out which person/departments are responsible for the competition of activity.
 Step 3: Figure out in which order the actions are processed.
 Step 4: Figured out who is responsible for each action and assign them a swimlane and group
each action they are responsible for under them

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Swimlane Diagram for Book Issue
Librarian Library Management Software
Check availability
book
[book not available]
Alert “Book
not
[book available]
available”
Validate Member
[unauthorized user] Alert “not a
[authorized user] valid member”

No. of books issued to member

[max limit] Alert “No more book
[else] can be issued”

Add book issue details to transaction

Update no of book issued to Update book

member status

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Thank
You