PHASE DIAGRAMS

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• When we combine two elements...
what equilibrium state do we get?
• In particular, if we specify...
--a composition (e.g., wt%Cu - wt%Ni), and
--a temperature (T)
then...
How many phases do we get?
What is the composition of each phase?
How much of each phase do we get?

Phase A Phase B

Nickel atom
Copper atom
1
THE SOLUBILITY LIMIT
• Solubility Limit: 10 0
Max concentration for Solubility
80 Limit L
which only a solution

Temperature (°C)
(liquid)
occurs. 60 +
L
• Ex: Phase Diagram: 40 (liquid solution S
i.e., syrup) (solid
Water-Sugar System 20 sugar)
Question: What is the
solubility limit at 20C? 0 20 40 6 065 8 0 10 0
Answer: 65wt% sugar. C o =Composition (wt% sugar)

Sugar
Water
Pure

Pure
If Co < 65wt% sugar: sugar
Adapted from Fig. 9.1,
Callister 6e.
If Co > 65wt% sugar: syrup + sugar.
• Solubility limit increases with T:
e.g., if T = 100C, solubility limit = 80wt% sugar.

2
COMPONENTS AND PHASES
• Components:
The elements or compounds which are mixed initially
(e.g., Al and Cu)
• Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions
that result (e.g., a and b).

Aluminum-  (lighter
Copper
phase)
Alloy

(darker
phase)
Adapted from Fig.
9.0,
Callister 3e.

3
EFFECT OF T & COMPOSITION (Co)
• Changing T can change # of phases: path A to B.
• Changing Co can change # of phases: path B to D.
B (100,70) D(100,90)
1 phase 2 phases
10 0

80 L
• water- (liquid)
Temperature (°C)

sugar +
system 60 L S
(liquid solution (solid
40 i.e., syrup) sugar)
20 A(70, 20 )
2 phases
Adapted from Fig. 0
9.1, 0 20 40 60 70 80 10 0
Callister 6e.
C o =Composition (wt% sugar)
4
PHASE DIAGRAMS
• Tell us about phases as function of T, Co, P.
• For this course:
--binary systems: just 2 components.
--independent variables: T and Co (P = 1atm is always used).
T(°C)
• Phase
160 0 • 2 phases:
Diagram L (liquid)
150 0 L (liquid)
for Cu-Ni  (FCC solid solution)
system 140 0 • 3 phase fields:
dus L
130 0 i qu
i
+ 
l
L s L+ 
l i du
so 
120 0  Adapted from Fig. 9.2(a), Callister 6e.
(Fig. 9.2(a) is adapted from Phase Diagrams
110 0 (FCC solid of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM

solution) International, Materials Park, OH (1991).

100 0
0 20 40 60 80 10 0 wt% Ni 5
PHASE DIAGRAMS: # and types of phases
• Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the # and types of phases present.
T(°C)
• Examples: 160 0
A(1100, 60): L (liquid)
1 phase:  150 0
dus Cu-Ni
ui

B(1250,35)
B(1250, 35): 140 0 liq us
phase
l i d diagram
2 phases: L +  so
130 0 +  
L (FCC solid
120 0 solution)
Adapted from Fig. 9.2(a), Callister 6e.
(Fig. 9.2(a) is adapted from Phase Diagrams 110 0 A(1100,60)
of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, 1991).
100 0
0 20 40 60 80 10 0 wt% Ni
6
PHASE DIAGRAMS: composition of phases
• Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the composition of each phase. Cu-Ni
T(°C) system
• Examples:
TA A
C o = 35wt%Ni tie line dus
i
L (liquid) l iqu
At T A: 130 0
L +
Only Liquid (L) B l i dus
TB so
C L = C o ( = 35wt% Ni)
 
At T D:
120 0 L+ D (solid)
Only Solid ( ) TD
C  = C o ( = 35wt% Ni )
20 3 032 35 4 0 43 50
At T B : C LC o C  wt% Ni
Both  and L Adapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e.
(Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of
C L = C liquidus ( = 32wt% Ni here) Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)
C  = C solidus ( = 43wt% Ni here)
7
PHASE DIAGRAMS: weight fractions of phases
• Rule 3: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the amount of each phase (given in wt%). Cu-Ni
• Examples: system
T(°C)
C o = 35wt%Ni
TA A
tie line dus
At T A: Only Liquid (L) i
130 0 L (liquid) liqu
W L = 100wt%, W  = 0 + 
B L
At T D: Only Solid ( ) dus
TB soli
R S
W L = 0, W  = 100wt%
 
At T B : Both  and L 120 0 L+ D
TD (solid)
S 43  35
WL     73 wt % 20 3 032 35 4 0 43 50
R S 43  32 C LC o C
wt% Ni
R
W   = 27wt% Adapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e.
(Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary
R S Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH, 1991.)

8
THE LEVER RULE: A PROOF
• Sum of weight fractions: WL  W  1
• Conservation of mass (Ni): C o  WLCL  W C 
• Combine above equations:
 C  Co  S C o  CL  R
WL W 
C   CL R  S C   CL R  S

• A geometric interpretation:
moment equilibrium:
CL Co C
WLR  WS
R S

WL W 1  W
solving gives Lever Rule
9
CORED VS EQUILIBRIUM PHASES
• Ca changes as we solidify.
• Cu-Ni case: First a to solidify has Ca = 46wt%Ni.
Last a to solidify has Ca = 35wt%Ni.
• Fast rate of cooling: • Slow rate of cooling:
Cored structure Equilibrium structure
Uniform C :
First  to solidfy:
46wt%Ni 35wt%Ni
Last  to solidfy:
< 35wt%Ni

11
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: Cu-Ni System
• Effect of solid solution strengthening on:
--Tensile strength (TS) --Ductility (%EL,%AR)

60
%EL for pure Cu
Tensile Strength (MPa)

Elongation (%EL)
4 00 50 %EL for
TS for pure Ni
pure Ni 40
3 00
TS for pure Cu 30
200 20
0 20 40 60 80 10 0 0 20 40 60 8 0 10 0
Cu Ni Cu Ni
Composition, wt%Ni Composition, wt%Ni
Adapted from Fig. 9.5(a), Callister 6e. Adapted from Fig. 9.5(b), Callister 6e.

--Peak as a function of Co --Min. as a function of Co

12
BINARY-EUTECTIC SYSTEMS
has a special composition
2 components with a min. melting T.
Cu-Ag
T(°C) system
Ex.: Cu-Ag system 120 0
• 3 single phase regions L (liquid)
(L, ) 10 00
• Limited solubility:  L +  779°C L+
TE 8 00
: mostly Cu 8.0 71 .9 91.2
: mostly Ni 6 00
• T E : No liquid below T E 
• C E : Min. melting T 4 00

composition 2 00
0 20 40 6 0 CE 8 0 10 0
Adapted from Fig. 9.6, C o , wt% Ag
Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.6 adapted
from Binary Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski
(Editor-in-Chief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

13
EX: Pb-Sn EUTECTIC SYSTEM (1)
• For a 40wt%Sn-60wt%Pb alloy at 150C, find...
--the phases present: Pb-Sn
a+b T(°C) system
--the compositions of
the phases: 3 00
L (liquid)

2 00  L +  183 °C L+ 
18.3 61.9 97.8
150
1 00 

0 20 40 60 80 10 0
Co
Adapted from Fig. 9.7, C o , wt% Sn
Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.7 adapted
from Binary Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, T.B. Massalski
(Editor-in-Chief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

14
EX: Pb-Sn EUTECTIC SYSTEM (2)
• For a 40wt%Sn-60wt%Pb alloy at 150C, find...
--the phases present: a + b Pb-Sn
--the compositions of T(°C) system
the phases:
Ca = 11wt%Sn 3 00
L (liquid)
Cb = 99wt%Sn
--the relative amounts 2 00  L +  183 °C L+ 
of each phase: 18.3 61.9 97.8
150
59 R S
W  67 wt % 1 00
88 
29
W  33 wt %
88 0 11 20 40 60 80 9910 0
Co
Adapted from Fig. 9.7, C o , wt% Sn
Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.7 adapted
from Binary Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, T.B. Massalski
(Editor-in-Chief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

15
MICROSTRUCTURES
IN EUTECTIC SYSTEMS-I

T(°C)
• Co < 2wt%Sn 4 00
L: C o wt%Sn

• Result: L

--polycrystal of a grains.
3 00 L

L+

2 00
TE (Pb-Sn
: C o wt%Sn
System)

1 00
+

0 10 20 30
Adapted from Fig. 9.9,
Co Co, wt% Sn
Callister 6e. 2
(room T solubility limit)

16
MICROSTRUCTURES
IN EUTECTIC SYSTEMS-II

T(°C) L: C o wt%Sn
• 2wt%Sn < Co < 18.3wt%Sn 4 00
• Result: L
--a polycrystal with fine L
3 00 
b crystals.
L+
: C o wt%Sn

2 00
TE


1 00
+ Pb-Sn
system
0 10 20 30
Adapted from Fig. 9.10, 2 C o C o , wt% Sn
Callister 6e. (sol. limit at T room ) 18.3
(sol. limit at T E )
17
MICROSTRUCTURES
IN EUTECTIC SYSTEMS-III

• Co = CE
• Result: Eutectic microstructure
--alternating layers of a and b crystals. Micrograph of Pb-Sn
T(°C) eutectic
L: C o wt%Sn microstructure
3 00 L
Pb-Sn
system L+
2 00
TE  183°C L+ 

1 00 + 160 m
: 97.8wt%Sn Adapted from Fig. 9.12, Callister 6e. (Fig.
: 18.3wt%Sn 9.12 from Metals Handbook, Vol. 9, 9th ed.,
Metallography and Microstructures,
0 American Society for Metals, Materials Park,
0 20 40 60 80 100 OH, 1985.)
18.3 CE 97.8
Adapted from Fig. 9.11,
Callister 6e. 61.9 C o , wt% Sn 18
MICROSTRUCTURES
IN EUTECTIC SYSTEMS-IV

• 18.3wt%Sn < Co < 61.9wt%Sn

• Result: a crystals and a eutectic microstructure
• Just above T E:
T(°C)
L: C o wt%Sn  L
C  = 18.3wt%Sn
L
3 00 L  C L = 61.9wt%Sn
Pb-Sn
L+ W = S =50wt%
system R+S
2 00  R S L+  WL = (1-W) =50wt%
TE
R S
• Just below T E:
1 00
+ C  = 18.3wt%Sn
primary 
eutectic  C  = 97.8wt%Sn
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
eutectic 
W = S =73wt%
18.3 Co 61.9 97.8 R+S
Adapted from Fig. 9.14,
C o , wt% Sn W = 27wt%
Callister 6e.
19
HYPOEUTECTIC & HYPEREUTECTIC
T(°C)
3 00 L
Adapted from Fig. 9.7,
Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.7 adapted 2 00
L+
 L+ (Pb-Sn
from Binary Phase Diagrams, TE 
2nd ed., Vol. 3, T.B. Massalski
(Editor-in-Chief), ASM  +  System)
International, Materials Park, 1 00
OH, 1990.) Co
Co
hypoeutectic hypereutectic
0 C o , wt% Sn
0 20 40 60 80 100
18.3 eutectic 97.8
61.9
hypoeutectic: C o =50wt%Sn hypereutectic: (illustration only)
(Figs. 9.12 and 9.15
from Metals
eutectic: C o =61.9wt%Sn
Handbook, 9th ed.,
Vol. 9, Metallography
 
and Microstructures,  
American Society for    
Metals, Materials Park,  
OH, 1985.)
 
175 m 160 m
Adapted from eutectic micro-constituent Adapted from Fig. 9.15,
Fig. 9.15, Callister 6e. Adapted from Fig. 9.12, Callister 6e. (Illustration
Callister 6e. only)
20
IRON-CARBON (Fe-C) PHASE DIAGRAM
• 2 important T(°C)
1600
points 
-Eutectic (A): 1400 L
L    Fe 3 C  +L
1200 A L+Fe 3 C
1148°C
-Eutectoid (B): austenite)
R S

Fe 3 C (cementite)
    Fe 3 C 1000  
  +Fe 3 C
800 +
  B 727°C = T eutectoid
R S
6 00
+Fe 3 C
4 00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) 0.77 4.30 C o , wt% C
120 m
Result: Pearlite = Fe 3 C (cementite-hard)
C eutectoid

alternating layers of
 and Fe 3 C phases. (ferrite-soft)
(Adapted from Fig. 9.24, Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.24 Adapted from Fig. 9.21,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.21 adapted from
from Metals Handbook, 9th ed., Vol. 9, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed.,
Metallography and Microstructures, American Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-Chief), ASM International,
Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1985.) Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

21
HYPOEUTECTOID STEEL
T(°C)
1600

1400 L
(Fe-C
   +L System)
  1200 1148°C L+Fe 3 C
austenite)

Fe 3 C (cementite)
  1000 Adapted from Figs. 9.21
  +Fe 3 C and 9.26,Callister 6e. (Fig.
9.21 adapted from Binary
 r s
  800 727°C Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd

  R S ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski

(Ed.-in-Chief), ASM
w  =s /(r +s ) 6 00 +Fe 3 C International, Materials
w  =(1-w ) Park, OH, 1990.)

4 00
0 Co 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7

0.77

 pearlite C o , wt% C
 w pearlite = w 
w  =S/(R+S) 100 m Hypo eutectoid
w Fe3C =(1-w ) steel

Adapted from
Fig. 9.27,Callister
6e. (Fig. 9.27 courtesy Republic Steel Corporation.) 22
HYPEREUTECTOID STEEL
T(°C)
1600

1400 L
(Fe-C
   +L System)
  1200 1148°C L+Fe 3 C
austenite)

Fe 3 C (cementite)
  1000
  +Fe 3 C Adapted from Figs. 9.21
and 9.29,Callister 6e. (Fig.
Fe 3 C 9.21 adapted from Binary
  800 r s Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd
   R S
ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski
(Ed.-in-Chief), ASM
w Fe3C =r/(r +s )6 00 +Fe 3 C International, Materials
w  =(1-w Fe3C ) Park, OH, 1990.)
4 00
0 1 Co 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.77

pearlite C o , wt% C
w pearlite = w 
w  =S/(R+S) 6 0m Hypereutectoid
w Fe3C =(1-w ) steel
Adapted from
Fig. 9.30,Callister
6e. (Fig. 9.30
copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.) 23
 Phase Transformations

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• Transforming one phase into another takes time.

Fe Fe C
g
3
Eutectoid
transformation (cementite)
(Austenite) +
a
C FCC (BCC)
(ferrite)

• How does the rate of transformation depend on

time and temperature?
• Is it possible to slow down transformations so that
non-equilibrium structures are formed?
• Are the mechanical properties of non-equilibrium
structures more desirable than equilibrium ones?
23
 Phase Transformations
Nucleation
 nuclei (seeds) act as templates on which crystals grow
 for nucleus to form rate of addition of atoms to nucleus must be faster
than rate of loss
 once nucleated, growth proceeds until equilibrium is attained

Driving force to nucleate increases as we increase T

– supercooling (eutectic, eutectoid)
– superheating (peritectic)

Small supercooling  slow nucleation rate - few nuclei - large crystals

Large supercooling  rapid nucleation rate - many nuclei - small crystals

24
 Solidification: Nucleation Types
Homogeneous nucleation
nuclei form in the bulk of liquid metal
requires considerable supercooling
(typically 80-300ºC)

• Heterogeneous nucleation
– much easier since stable “nucleating surface” is
already present — e.g., mold wall, impurities in
liquid phase
– only very slight supercooling (0.1-10ºC)

25
 Rate of Phase Transformations
Kinetics - study of reaction rates of phase
transformations
• To determine reaction rate – measure degree
of transformation as function of time (while
holding temp constant)
How is degree of transformation measured?
X-ray diffraction – many specimens required
electrical conductivity measurements –
on single specimen
measure propagation of sound waves –
on single specimen
26
 Rate of Phase Transformation
Fraction transformed, y
transformation complete
Fixed T
0.5 maximum rate reached – now amount
unconverted decreases so rate slows
rate increases as surface area increases
t0.5 & nuclei grow

log t Adapted from

Fig. 10.10,
Callister &
Avrami equation => y = 1- exp (-kt n) Rethwisch 8e.

fraction time
transformed
k & n are transformation specific parameters

By convention rate = 1 / t0.5

27
 Temperature Dependence of Transformation Rate
Adapted from Fig.
10.11, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
135C 119C 113C 102C 88C 43C (Fig. 10.11 adapted
from B.F. Decker and
D. Harker,
"Recrystallization in
Rolled Copper", Trans
AIME, 188, 1950, p.
888.)
1 10 102 104

 For the recrystallization of Cu, since

rate = 1/t0.5
rate increases with increasing temperature
• Rate often so slow that attainment of equilibrium
state not possible!
28
 Transformations & Undercooling
• Eutectoid transf. (Fe-Fe3C system): g Þ a + Fe3C
• For transf. to occur, must 0.76 wt% C 6.7 wt% C
cool to below 727ºC 0.022 wt% C
(i.e., must “undercool”)
T(ºC)
1600 Adapted from Fig.
d 9.24,Callister & Rethwisch
8e. (Fig. 9.24 adapted from
1400 L Binary Alloy Phase
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1,
g g +L T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-
1200 1148ºC L+Fe3C Chief), ASM International,

Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite) Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

1000
a Eutectoid: g +Fe3C
ferrite 800 Equil. Cooling: Ttransf. = 727ºC
727ºC
DT a +Fe C 3
600
Undercooling by Ttransf. < 727C
0.022

0.76

400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
29
(Fe) C, wt%C
 The Fe-Fe3C Eutectoid Transformation

• Transformation of austenite to pearlite:

Diffusion of C
Austenite (g) cementite (Fe3C) during transformation
grain a Ferrite (a)
boundary a a
g
g a
a pearlite g
Adapted from
a g
Fig. 9.15,
a growth a
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. direction
a
• For this transformation, 100
Carbon
diffusion
rate increases with y (% pearlite) 600ºC
(DT larger)
[Teutectoid – T ] (i.e., DT). 50 650ºC
Adapted from
675ºC Fig. 10.12,
(DT smaller) Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
0

Coarse pearlite  formed at higher temperatures – relatively soft

Fine pearlite  formed at lower temperatures – relatively hard
30
 Generation of Isothermal Transformation Diagrams
Consider:
• The Fe-Fe3C system, for C0 = 0.76 wt% C
• A transformation temperature of 675ºC.
% transformed

100
T = 675ºC
y,

50

0
1 10 2 10 4 time (s)
T(ºC) Austenite (stable)
TE (727ºC)
700 Austenite
(unstable)

600 Pearlite Adapted from Fig. 10.13,Callister &

Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.13 adapted from
isothermal transformation at 675ºC H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal
10 0

Transformation and Cooling

50%pearli

500
0%

Transformation Diagrams, American

%

Society for Metals, 1977, p. 369.)

400
time (s)
te

31
1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5
 Austenite-to-Pearlite Isothermal Transformation
• Eutectoid composition, C0 = 0.76 wt% C
• Begin at T > 727ºC
• Rapidly cool to 625ºC
• Hold T (625ºC) constant (isothermal treatment)
T(ºC) Austenite (stable)
TE (727ºC)
700 Austenite
(unstable)

Adapted from Fig.

600 Pearlite 10.14,Callister &
g g Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.14
adapted from H. Boyer
g g g g (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal
10 0

Transformation and
5 0 % r l it e

500
0%

Cooling Transformation
pea

Diagrams, American
Society for Metals, 1997,
p. 28.)
400

1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5

32
time (s)
 Transformations Involving
Noneutectoid Compositions
Consider C0 = 1.13 wt% C
T(ºC) T(ºC)
900 1600
d
A 1400 L
800

Fe3C (cementite)
+
A TE (727ºC) g g +L
1200 L+Fe3C
700 A C (austenite)
P 1000
A
+ P a g +Fe3C
600
800
727ºC
DT a +Fe3C
500 600

0.022
0.76
1 10 102 103 104 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7

1.13
time (s) (Fe)
C, wt%C
Adapted from Fig. 10.16, Adapted from Fig. 9.24,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Hypereutectoid composition – proeutectoid cementite

33
 Bainite: Another Fe-Fe3C Transformation Product
• Bainite:
-- elongated Fe3C particles in
a-ferrite matrix
-- diffusion controlled Fe3C
• Isothermal Transf. Diagram, (cementite)
a (ferrite)
C0 = 0.76 wt% C
800 Austenite (stable)
T(ºC) A
TE
P
600 100% pearlite 5 mm
Adapted from Fig. 10.17, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.17 from Metals
100% bainite Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 8, Metallography,
400 A B Structures, and Phase Diagrams, American
Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH,
1973.)

200
100
0%

50 %

10-1 10 103 105

Adapted from Fig. 10.18, time (s)
34 Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
 Spheroidite: Another Microstructure for the Fe-
Fe3C System
• Spheroidite: a
-- Fe3C particles within an a-ferrite matrix (ferrite)
-- formation requires diffusion
-- heat bainite or pearlite at temperature Fe3C
just below eutectoid for long times (cementite)
-- driving force – reduction
of a-ferrite/Fe3C interfacial area
60 m
Adapted from Fig. 10.19, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.19 copyright
United States Steel Corporation,
1971.)

35
 Martensite: A Nonequilibrium Transformation Product
• Martensite:
-- g(FCC) to Martensite (BCT)
x

60 m
Fe atom potential
x x
sites x x C atom sites
x Adapted from Fig. 10.20,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

• Isothermal Transf. Diagram

800 Austenite (stable) Martensite needles
T(ºC) TE Austenite
A
P Adapted from Fig. 10.21, Callister &
600 Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.21 courtesy
United States Steel Corporation.)
Adapted from
Fig. 10.22,
Callister & 400 A B 10 • g to martensite (M) transformation..
Rethwisch 8e. 5 0 %
0 % 0% -- is rapid! (diffusionless)
200 M+A
0% -- % transf. depends only on T to
50%
M+A 90% which rapidly cooled
M+A
36 10-1 10 103 105 time (s)
 Martensite Formation
 (FCC) slow cooling  (BCC) + Fe3C
quench
tempering
M (BCT)

Martensite (M) – single phase

– has body centered tetragonal (BCT)
crystal structure
Diffusionless transformation BCT if C0 > 0.15 wt% C
BCT  few slip planes  hard, brittle
37
 Phase Transformations of Alloys
Effect of adding other elements
Change transition temp.

Cr, Ni, Mo, Si, Mn

retard    + Fe3C
reaction (and formation of pearlite,
bainite)

Adapted from Fig. 10.23,

38 Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
 Continuous Cooling
Transformation Diagrams

Conversion of isothermal
transformation diagram to
continuous cooling
transformation diagram

Adapted from Fig. 10.25,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Cooling curve

39
 Mechanical Props: Influence of C Content

Pearlite (med)
Pearlite (med) Cementite
ferrite (soft) (hard)
Adapted from Fig. 9.30, C0 < 0.76 wt% C C0 > 0.76 wt% C Adapted from Fig. 9.33,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Hypoeutectoid Hypereutectoid
Hypo Hyper Hypo Hyper
TS(MPa) %EL 80
1100

Impact energy (Izod, ft-lb)

YS(MPa) 100 Adapted from Fig.
10.29, Callister &
900 Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
hardness 10.29 based on data
40
700 from Metals
Handbook: Heat
50
Treating, Vol. 4, 9th
500 ed., V. Masseria
0 (Managing Ed.),
American Society for
300
Metals, 1981, p. 9.)
1 0
0.76

0 0.5

0.76
0 0.5 1
wt% C wt% C
• Increase C content: TS and YS increase, %EL decreases
40
 Mechanical Props: Fine Pearlite vs.
Coarse Pearlite vs. Spheroidite
Hypo Hyper 90 Hypo Hyper
320 fine
pearlite

Ductility (%RA)
spheroidite
60
Brinell hardness

240 coarse
pearlite
spheroidite
160 30 coarse
pearlite
fine
80 pearlite
0
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
wt%C wt%C
Adapted from Fig. 10.30, Callister &
• Hardness: fine > coarse > spheroidite Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.30 based on
data from Metals Handbook: Heat
• %RA: fine < coarse < spheroidite Treating, Vol. 4, 9th ed., V. Masseria
(Managing Ed.), American Society for
Metals, 1981, pp. 9 and 17.)

41
 Mechanical Props: Fine Pearlite vs. Martensite

Hypo Hyper

600
Brinell hardness

martensite
Adapted from Fig. 10.32,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
400 10.32 adapted from Edgar C.
Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American
Society for Metals, 1939, p. 36;
200 and R.A. Grange, C.R. Hribal,
fine pearlite and L.F. Porter, Metall. Trans. A,
Vol. 8A, p. 1776.)
0
0 0.5 1
wt% C
• Hardness: fine pearlite << martensite.

42
 Tempered Martensite

Heat treat martensite to form tempered martensite

• tempered martensite less brittle than martensite
• tempering reduces internal stresses caused by quenching
TS(MPa)
YS(MPa)
1800

1600 TS
Adapted from Adapted from Fig.
YS

9 mm
Fig. 10.34, 1400 10.33, Callister &
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
Rethwisch 8e. 10.33 copyright by
(Fig. 10.34 1200 60 United States Steel
adapted from Corporation,
Fig. furnished 1000 50 1971.)
courtesy of %RA %RA
Republic Steel
40
Corporation.) 800 30
200 400 600
Tempering T (ºC)
• tempering produces extremely small Fe3C particles surrounded by a.
43
• tempering decreases TS, YS but increases %RA
 Summary of Possible Transformations
Adapted from
Austenite (g) Fig. 10.36,
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
slow moderate rapid
cool cool quench

Pearlite Bainite Martensite

(a + Fe3C layers + a (a + elong. Fe3C particles) (BCT phase
proeutectoid phase) diffusionless
transformation)

Martensite reheat
T Martensite
Strength

Ductility
bainite Tempered
fine pearlite Martensite
coarse pearlite (a + very fine
spheroidite Fe3C particles)

44 General Trends
Homework 4
Tugas kelompok untuk membuat makalah
Kelompok 1 Tentang kristal (arah dan bidang kristal,
dll)
Kelompok 2 Difusi
Kelompok 3 Defects (kecacatan) dan hardening
Kelompok 4 Sifat-sifat material (sifat fisika, mekanika,
dll)
Kelompok 5 Diagram phasa dan transformasi phasa

Makalah ditulis dengan format A4 spasi 1 dengan ukuran

2.5cm. Isi makalah tidak kurang dari 10 lembar.
 1IC01

Nama HM1 HM2 HM3 HM4 HM5 HM6

Putera Risky 70
Adinda Martha 70
Nedosyah Bintang 70
Fakri Farid 90
Adamfatur Rahman 40
Jurjes Al Kifari 90
Muhammad Rizky Maulana 90

Ilham Ristiyanto 90
Grafiky Desriyanto 30
Lintang Yuono 80
Yogie Hermawan 80
Rony Fajar Setiawan 50
Reza Widiantoro 80
Afif Adi Kelvianto 80
Muhammad Andhika 80
syahrul ramadhan 70
Ahmad Syamsul Fazri 80
Danil Ath Thariq 80
Azwar Ashari 80
wahyu firda kurniawan 60
Fachrurrozi 60
Hoerudin Wijaya 50
Dharmawan Fadhlul Arifa 70

Setyo Budi utomo 90

Arief Rachman 70
Anang 70
Diky Gunawan Diputra 70
Bobby William 80
Firdiansyah Julian 80
Muhammad Alvin 70
Miftah Arid Nurjaman 70
 1IC02

Nama HM1 HM2 HM3 HM4

Friestian Hanif 90 0
Andy Mushlihien 90 68.5
Adhiyoga Mudjoko 70 76.5
Hafid Prayoga 80 70
Asri Bahtiar 60 83.5
Fahrul Rozi 40 58
Muhamad Bimantara Arianto 60 0
Arief Rahmatullah 40 0
Akbar Riyadin 90 60.5
Louis Aditya P. D. 90 73.5
Shauqi Fathur Rohman 70 0
Rezza YuliantoWibowo 90 45
miko.deplara 70 0
Wilibrordus N T Koun 70 74.5
Dimas Adi Nugroho 40 0
Dary Hilmy Ramadhan 40 0
Renaldi nov Pratama 40 0
Rizky Priyanto 80 0
Kabul Budiyono 40 0
Nico Jefri Simanjuntak 0 57
1IC03

Name HM1 HM2

Arizall Fanani 70 66.5
Furqon Hendrawan 40 62
Fauzan Saputra 40 73
Fajar Febriyanto 50 0
Rhommat Sitorus 80 66
Yoshua Alex Sander H 60 77.5
Moch. Alifian Pangestu 50 0
Banu Setiawan 70 82
Adithyawardi Mahmud 70 64
palakka wijaya 50 71.5
Resi Aryo D 70 84
rizky indra pratama 50 37
Ikhsan Sukawijaya 70 50.5
Anta Lomo 60 78
Singgih Daud Ibrahim 40 76.5
Dimas Anggara A.P 40 53.5
Anggita Maharani 0 47
Irfan Alpriana 0 70
Arif Bagus Prosejo 0 56.5
Muhammad Gilang 0 85.5