水力发电厂辅助设备

Auxiliary Equipment of
Hydropower Station

~1~
武汉大学 蔡维由 教授

Wuhan University Profesor Weiyou Cai

 2. 油系统 Oil system

油的种类及其作用
3
1
Types and Functions of Oil
油的劣化分析及其防止措施
2 Degradation Analysis of Oil and Prevention
Measures

油的净化与再生
3
Purification and Regeneration of Oil

油系统的组成、作用及系统图
4
Composition and functions of oil system

2
 2.1 油的种类及其作用
Types and Functions of Oil

2.1.1 用油种类 Types of oil

2.1.2 油的作用 Functions of Oil

3
 2.1.1 用油种类 Types of oil
（ 1 ） 润滑油 Lubricating oil
润滑油分为如下几种：
Lubricating oils are divided into the following categories:

透平油：供机组各轴承的润滑散热和调节系统、进水阀等的液压操作；

Turbine oil: supplied for the lubrication and heat radiation of all
bearings and the hydraulic operations such as governing system and
inlet valve adjustment ；
机械油：供电动机、起重机和水泵等设备的润滑用；
Machine oil: supplied for the lubrication of motors, cranes and
water pumps, etc ；

空压机油：供空气压缩机润滑用；

Air compressor oil: supplied for the lubrication of air compressor;

润滑脂 ( 黄油 ) ：供滚动轴承润滑用。
Lubricating grease: supplied for the
4
lubrication of rolling bearing.
 2.1.1 用油种类 Types of oil

（ 2 ） 绝缘油 Insulating oil

绝缘油分为如下两种：
Insulating oils are divided into the following two categories
变压器油：供变压器及电流、电压互感器散热和绝缘用；
Transformer oil: supplied for the heat radiation and insulation of
voltage and current transformer;
开关油：供油开关绝缘和消弧用。
Switch oil: supplied for the insulation and arc extinction of oil
switch.

以上用油量最大的为透平油和变压器油。
Turbine oil and transformer oil have the largest oil consumption
5
 2.1.2 油的作用 Functions of Oil
（ 1 ）透平油的作用 Functions of turbine oil
透平油在机组运行中的作用主要是：
During the operation of water turbine generator set, turbine oils have the
following functions:

润滑作用：以润滑油膜内部的液态摩擦代替固体之间的干摩擦。
Lubrication: The liquid-state friction inside the lubrication oil slick replaces the
dry friction between solids.

散热作用：润滑油能将设备因各种因素所产生的热量通过油冷却器带走。
Cooling: Turbine oil can take away the heat generated in the equipment through
the oil cooler.

液压操作：水电厂中有许多设备的操作需要很大的能量，需要用透平油作为
传递能量的工作介质。
Hydraulic operation: Many operations in hydropower station needs tremendous
energy, turbine oil is required as the working medium to transfer energy.
6
 2.1.2 油的作用 Functions of Oil
（ 2 ）绝绝油的作用 Functions of insulating oil
绝缘油在水电厂中的作用主要是：
In hydropower station, insulating oils have the following functions:
散热作用：绝缘油可吸收变压器运行而产生的热量，并传至变压器外壳散发
或通过冷却器散热。
Cooling: Insulating oil can absorb the heat and then radiate through the
transformer casing or cooler.

绝缘作用：用绝缘油来做绝缘介质可大大提高电气设备的运行安全效果、并
可缩小设备尺寸、使设备紧凑。
Insulation: Insulating oil used as insulating medium can promote greatly the
operation safety of electric equipment, reduce the equipment size and make the
equipment compact.
消弧作用：绝缘油在受到电弧作用时，迅即分解而产生气体和油蒸气，使电
弧尽快熄灭。
Arc extinction: Insulating oil will resolve immediately when acted by electric arc
and then generate gas and oil steam, extinguish the electric arc.
7
 2.2 油的劣化分析及其防止措施
Degradation Analysis of Oil and Prevention Measures

2.2.1 油的劣化及其危害
Degradation of Oil and Its Harms

2.2.2 影响油劣化的因素及防止措施
Causes to Oil Degradation and Prevention
Measures

8
 2.2.1 油的劣化及其危害
Degradation of Oil and Its Harms

（ 1 ）油的劣化 Degradation of Oil

在贮存或运行过程中，由于封闭不严，油中会产生水分，出现杂质，以
及油被使用后酸值增高和沉淀物增多。这些情况导致油的组成及性质发生变
化，改变用油的物理和化学性质，以致无法保证设备的安全经济运行。油所
发生的这种变化称为油的劣化。
During storage or operation, due to untighten seal, water and
impurities will occur, acid value will rise and deposit will increase
in oil, which will change the oil composition and properties and
change the physical and chemical properties of oil, thus will fail to
ensure the safe and economic operation of equipment. Such change
of oil is called “Degradation of Oil”

9
 2.2.1 油的劣化及其危害
Degradation of Oil and Its Harms

（ 2 ） 油劣化的危害 Harm of oil degradation

溶于油中的有机酸会腐蚀金属和纤维，还会加快油的劣化；
Organic acids dissolved in oil can corrode metals and fibers and
accelerate the deterioration of oil.
油泥沉淀物，会堵塞管道和阀门，妨碍散热和循环；
Sludge precipitates will precipitate near the oil cooler or in the oil
tank, pipes and valves, etc. which greatly hampering the cooling
and circulation.
氢和碳化氢等气体，与空气相混合即成为爆炸物，这对设备运行更是危险。
hydrogen and hydrocarbon gas will mix with air on the oil surface
to become explosives, which is more dangerous to equipment
operation.
10
 2.2.2 油劣化的原因及防止措施
Causes to Oil Degradation and Prevention Measures

（ 1 ）水分 Water

（ 2 ）温度 Temperature

（ 3 ）空气 Air

（ 4 ）天然光线 Natural light

（ 5 ）电流 Current
（ 6 ）其他因素 Other factors

11
 2.3 油的净化与再生
Purification and Regeneration of Oil

2.3.1 两个基本概念 Two basic concepts

2.3.2 油的净化 Oil Purification

2.3.3 油的再生 Regeneration of Oil

12
 2.3.1 两个概念
（ 1 ）污油 Polluted oil
轻度劣化或仅被水和机械杂质污染了的油，这种油只需经过简单的净化
方法进行处理后即可继续使用。
The slightly degraded oil or the oil only polluted by water and
mechanical impurities is known as polluted oil which can continue
to be used just through simple purification.

（ 2 ）废油 Wasted oil

油质已经深度劣化，用简单的机械净化方法，无法恢复其原有的性质，
只有通过化学或物理化学的方法（再生）才能使油恢复到原有的性质。
Seriously degraded and can only restore its original properties by
use of chemical or physicochemical methods instead of a simple
mechanical purification method, the waste oil treatment is known as
regeneration of oil.
13
 2.3.2 油的净化 Oil Purification

水电站一般有以下几种机械净化方法：
Oil purification at hydropower station generally applies the
following mechanical purification methods:

澄清 Clarification

离心分离 Centrifugal separation

压力过滤 Pressurized filtration

真空过滤 Vacuum filtration

14
 2.3.2 油的净化 Oil Purification
（ 1 ）澄清 Clarification

通过将油较长时间静置，使比重较油大的水和机械杂质沉淀到储油设备的底
部，以实现油的净化。
When the oil stays still in the oil tank for long time, water
and mechanical impurities occupying a large percentage in
the oil will be precipitated to the bottom of the oil tank.

图 2-1 油的澄清法
Fig 2-1 oil clarification 15
 2.3.2 油的净化 Oil Purification
（ 2 ）离心分离 Centrifugal separation
在离心力的作用下，油中的各种成分因比重不同而分层，从而实现对油
的净化。离心分离的设备称为离心滤油机。
Under centrifugal force, various components in the oil begin to
separate in different layers due to different specific gravity.
Centrifugal oil filter is based on the principle of centrifugal
separation.
water

2-2 油的离心分离法
16 Fig 2-2 oil centrifugation
 2.3.2 油的净化 Oil Purification
（ 3 ）压力过滤 Pressurized filtration
把油加压，使之通过具有能够吸收水分和阻止一切机械杂质通过的过滤层，从而实
现对油的净化。压力过滤的设备称为压力滤油机。
Pressurize the oil and enable the oil to pass through the filtration bed which can absorb
moisture and prevent the passage of all mechanical impurities, this method is known as
pressurized filtration. Pressure filtration device is known as pressure oil filter.
oil outlet oil pressure gauge
polluted oil inlet

filter bed

oil
sampling
valve oil receiver
bracket
clean oil outlet

oil return valve safety valve

gear oil pump

oil inlet
filter paper filter plate filter frame prefilter

Fig 2-3 Flter bed structure Fig 2-4 Working principle of pressure oil filter
图 2-3 滤床结构 图 2-4 压力滤油机的工作原理
17
 2.3.2 油的净化 Oil Purification

（ 4 ）真空过滤 Vacuum filtration

利用水分汽化温度随真空度的提高而降低的原理，将油中的水份在不太高的
温度条件下自然汽化为气体，在短时间内达到油水分离的目的。因不能清除
机械杂质，常和压力滤油机配合使用。
The working principle of vacuum filtration is that the water
vaporization temperature is inversely proportional to the vacuum
degree; water in the oil can be evaporated into steam naturally
under medium temperature, so the water can be separated from oil.
The mechanical impurities cannot be removed completely, pressure
oil filter and vacuum oil filter are often used together.

18
 2.3.2 油的净化 Oil Purification
图 2-5 是真空油滤油机的工作原理图。 Figure 2-5 is a schematic diagram of a vacuum oil
filter.
Oil 进油阀（ Inlet valve 1 ） 粗滤器 2 （ Prefilter 2 ） 加热器 3 （ heater 3 ） 真空净化罐 9
（ Vacumm purification tank 9 ），通过罐内特制脱气元件 8 使乳化油彻底破乳（ The emulsified oil is
thoroughly demulsified through a special dewatering element 8 in the tank ） ,① 油中微量水份在真空
状态下蒸发为水蒸汽 and trace water in oil is evaporated in vacuum. ）；②油经彻底脱水破乳后沉降
在真空净化罐下部。 Emulsified oil was thoroughly demulsified ， the oil settles at the bottom of the
vacuum purification tank ① 由排油泵 15 把油液压至精滤器 17 ，脏油被过滤净化为洁净的合格油
The oil is compressed into the fine filter 17 by the hydraulic pump 15, the polluted oil is filtered and
purified as qualified clean oil ；②水蒸汽进入冷凝器 11 ，绝大部分水蒸汽经真空泵抽排掉 Water
vapor enters condenser 11 ， most ofthe water vapor is pumped out through vacuum pump ；③ While
oil vapor is condensed in the condenser and removed. 油蒸汽进入冷凝器后被液化排出。
1.进油阀Oil filling valve 2.粗滤器prefilter
3.加热器Heater 4,18.压力表Pressure gauge
5.恒温控制器Thermostat controller
6.电磁阀solenoid valve
7.液位控制器Liquid level controller
8.脱气件Degasification piece
9.真空罐Vacuum tank
10.真空表Vacuum gauge
11.冷凝器Condenser
12.放气阀Gas release valve
13.充气阀Gas charging valve
14.真空泵Vacuum pump
15.排油泵Oil drain pump 16.单向阀Check valve
17.精滤器Precision oil filter
19 19.取样阀Sampling valve 20.球阀Ball valve
 2.3.2 油的净化 Oil Purification
图 2-5 是真空油滤油机的工作原理图。需要处理的油经进油阀进入滤油机，由粗滤器
初步清除油中杂质和水分。经粗滤器分离后的油中仍残流微量水分，油经加热器加热到
调定的温度后，进入真空净化罐，通过罐内特制脱气元件使乳化油彻底破乳，油中微量
水份在真空状态下蒸发为水蒸汽。水蒸汽及微量油蒸汽一并通过管道进入冷凝器，绝大
部分水蒸汽经真空泵抽排掉，油蒸汽进入冷凝器后被液化排除。油经彻底脱水破乳后沉
降在真空净化罐下部，由排油泵把油液压至精滤器，进行最后的压力过滤而完成真空过
滤的全过程，脏油被过滤净化为洁净的合格油。真空净化罐内液位控制阀可控制罐内油
位，在控制罐内油液达到一定的高度后，随着油位的升高，液位阀相应关小，直至关闭
；反之随油位的降低，液位阀相应开大以增加油量，从而使罐内的进油量与排油量达到
平衡状态。 1.进油阀Oil filling valve 2.粗滤器prefilter
3.加热器Heater 4,18.压力表Pressure gauge
5.恒温控制器Thermostat controller
6.电磁阀solenoid valve
此页备用 7.液位控制器Liquid level controller
8.脱气件Degasification piece
9.真空罐Vacuum tank
10.真空表Vacuum gauge
11.冷凝器Condenser
12.放气阀Gas release valve
13.充气阀Gas charging valve
14.真空泵Vacuum pump
15.排油泵Oil drain pump 16.单向阀Check valve
17.精滤器Precision oil filter
19.取样阀Sampling valve 20.球阀Ball valve
20
 2.3.2 油的净化 Oil Purification
This figure is a schematic diagram of a vacuum oil filter. Oil to be processed flows into the
oil filter through the inlet valve and is filtered by prefilter to remove the impurities and water.
Trace water still remains in the oil after prefiltration, the oil is heated to a specified
temperature by the heater and then flows into the vacuum purification tank, the emulsified oil
is thoroughly demulsified through a special dewatering element in the tank, and trace water in
oil is evaporated in vacuum. Water vapor and trace oil vapor enter the condenser through the
pipe together; most of the water vapor is pumped out through vacuum pump, while oil vapor
is condensed in the condenser and removed. After being thoroughly dehydrated and
demulsified, the oil settles at the bottom of the vacuum purification tank, the oil is compressed
into the fine filter by the hydraulic pump to go through the pressure filtration and complete
the whole vacuum filtration process, the polluted oil is filtered and purified as qualified clean
oil. Oil level in the vacuum tank can be controlled by level control valve, when the oil in the
tank reaches a certain level, with the 1.进油阀Oil filling valve 2.粗滤器prefilter
3.加热器Heater 4,18.压力表Pressure gauge
Rise of the oil level, the level 5.恒温控制器Thermostat controller
6.电磁阀solenoid valve
control valve will turn down or 7.液位控制器Liquid level controller
8.脱气件Degasification piece
even closed; on the contrary, with 9.真空罐Vacuum tank
10.真空表Vacuum gauge
the fall of the oil level, the level 11.冷凝器Condenser 此页备用
control valve will turn up to 12.放气阀Gas release valve
13.充气阀Gas charging valve
increase the oil flow, so that the 14.真空泵Vacuum pump
15.排油泵Oil drain pump 16.单向阀Check valve
oil supply and oil drainage can 17.精滤器Precision oil filter

reach balance. 21 19.取样阀Sampling valve 20.球阀Ball valve

 2.3.3 油的再生 Oil regeneration
oil conservator
目前电厂对运行中的变压器油的再生
用热虹吸法，它利用在变压器带负荷
transformer

absorber
时上下部油的温差，使油经过装有吸
附剂的吸附器而自行循环流动，在流
动的过程中，因氧化所产生的氧化物
通过吸附剂时被吸附，从而使运行中
的油始终保持合格状态。 oil circulation
Thermosyphon method is used
for regeneration of running
transformer oil, which utilizes the Fig 2-6 principle of thermosyphon regeneration
temperature difference of the 图 2-6 热虹吸再生原理
upper and lower oil of the on-load
transformer and enables the oil to pass through the absorber with adsorbent and
circulate individually. During circulation, the oxide which generates due to
oxidation is absorbed by the adsorbent, thus to enable the running oil to be kept
under qualified state all along.
22
 2.3.3 油的再生 Oil regeneration
对强迫油循环润滑系统的机组，其运行中透平油的再生方式也可用热虹
吸法。对采用非强迫循环的油润滑系统，一般采用在机组检修时，将油的机
械净化处理和油的再生同时进行，即一般采用非连续性再生方法。

As for the set of lubrication oil system oil tank

with forced circulation, thermosyphon

absorber
can also be adopted for the oil
regeneration; while as for the set of
lubrication oil system with unforced
oil pum
circulation, the mechanical purification
and oil regeneration can be conducted at
the same time during set overhaul, i.e. pressure oil filter
the discontinued regeneration method.
Fig 2-7 Working principle of turbine oil non-
continuous regeneration device
图 2-9 透平油非连续性再生装置原理

23
 2.4 油系统的组成、作用及系统图
Composition, Functions and Diagram of Oil System

2.4.1 油系统的组成
Composition of oil system

2.4.2 油系统的作用
Functions of oil system

2.4.3 GD3 透平油系统

GD3 turbine oil system

2.4.4 GD3 绝缘油系统

GD3 insulating oil system

24
 2.4.1 油系统的组成
Composition of oil system

油库：放置各种贮存油的油槽、油池或油桶等贮油设备。
Oil depot: places oil storage equipment, such as oil trough, oil pool or oil drum,
etc.

油处理室：放置各种输油和净油设备。
Oil treatment chamber: places oil transportation and purification equipment.

油化验室：放置油化验设备、仪器及药物等，以便对新油和运行油进行化验。
Oil chemical laboratory: places oil chemical examination equipment, instrument
and drugs, to test fresh oil and running oil.

管网：用管道把各用油设备、贮油设备与油处理设备连接起来，组成一个系统。
Pipe network: links up oil consumption equipment, oil storage equipment and oil
treatment equipment through pipe to form a system.

测量和控制元件：用以对油进行监视和控制。
Measuring and control elements: monitor and control the oil.
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 2.4.2 油系统的作用
Functions of oil system
 接受新油 Accept fresh oil to equipment

 贮备净油 Store clean oil

 向设备充油 Fill oil to equipment:

 向运行设备添油 Feed oil to running equipment

 从设备中排出污油 Discharge the polluted oil from the

equipment

 污油的净化和再生 Purification and regeneration of sump oil

 油的监督与维护 Monitoring and maintenance of oil

 废油的收集与保存 Gathering and reservation of waste oil

26
 2.4.3 GD3 透平油系统 Turbine oil system of GD3

GD3 水电站透平油系统图见图纸 ETH-GD3-HM-01-001-R3 。

GD3 hydropower station turbine oil system is shown in drawing ETH-GD3-HM-
01-001-R3.

GD3 水电站的透平油系统用于储存、净化透平油，以及向机组各部位轴承油槽、调速
器油压装置及进水球阀油压装置供排油。系统的主要设备布置在在副厂房 [EL.839.20]
透平油库及透平油处理室。
The turbine oil system of GD3 hydropower station is used for storage and
purification of turbine oil, and providing and draining the oil to and from all
bearing oil tanks, hydraulic devices of governors, and oil pressure device of inlet
ball valves in the unit. The main equipment of the system is arranged in the
turbine oil depot and turbine oil treatment room of auxiliary powerhouse
[ EL.839.20 ].

GD3 水电站单台机组 ( 包括调速器和进水球阀的油压装置 ) 的总用油量见表 2-1 。

The total amount of oil used in the single unit (including the oil pressure devices of
governor and inlet ball valves) of GD3 hydropower station is shown in table 2-1

27
 2.4.3 GD3 透平油系统 Turbine oil system of GD3
Table 2-1
序号 描述 数据
No. Description Data

调速器用油量
1
Oil quantity of governor 1.0 m3

球阀用油量
2
Oil quantity of spherical valve 2.5 m3

水导轴承用油量
3
Oil quantity of turbine guide bearing 0.45 m3

推导组合轴承用油量
4
Oil quantity of thrust bearings 8.5 m3

管道存油量
5
Pipeline oil storage 0.62 m3

总用油量
6
Total oil quantity 13.07 m3

110% 总用油量
7
110 % total oil quantity 14.4 m3

28之一
 2.4.3 GD3 透平油系统
系统主要设备包括 The main equipment of the system includes:
Turbine oil system of GD3
(1) 室内油罐 Indoor oil tank ：（ 1 clean oil tank and 1 working oil tank ）
有效容量 : 15m3*2 （ 1 个净油罐和 1 个运行油罐）
Effective capacity: 15m3*2 （油罐带 With level gauge and oil respirator ）

(2) 移动式透平油过滤机 Movable turbine oil filter

ZJCQ-3 型过滤机： 1 台 ( 额定容量 Q=100 L/min ，工作压力 P= 0 ～ 0.5MPa)
ZJCQ-3 turbine oil filter: 1 unit (Rated capacity Q=100 L/min ， Working pressure P= 0 ～ 0.5MPa
，
净化清洁度 Cleanliness of purification ： NAS1638-5, 残留水分 Residual moisture ：≤ 100 ppm
)

(3) 压力滤油机 Pressure oil filter

LY-60 压力滤油机： 1 台 ( 额定容量 Q=60 l/min ，工作压力 P= 0 ～ 0.33MPa)
 LY-60 Pressure oil filter ： 1 unit (Rated capacity Q=60l/min ， Working pressure P= 0~
0.33MPa,
滤波精度 Filtering precision ：≤ 5μm

(4) 移动式齿轮油泵 Mobile gear oil pump

2CY-8/0.33 型齿轮油泵： 2 台 ( 输油量 Q= 100L/min ，工作压力 P=0.33MPa)
Model
1 ppm 2CY-8/0.33 gear oil pump: 2 sets (Oil quantity
是指溶质质量占全部溶液质量的百万分之一（ ）。 ， P=0.33MPa)
Q= 100L/min
1/1000000
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 2.4.3 GD3 透平油系统 Turbine oil system of GD3
ETH-GD3-HM-01-001

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 2.4.4 GD3 绝缘油系统 GD3 insulating oil system
埃塞俄比亚 GD-3 水电站的绝缘油系统图： ETH-GD3-HM-01-001-R3.
Insulating Oil System Diagram of GD-3 Hydropower Station in Ethiopia; ETH-
GD3-HM-01-001-R3.

埃塞俄比亚 GD-3 水电站的绝缘油系统用于储存、净化绝缘油。单台主变压器用油量约

为 35t ，系统中设置一个 5m3 油囊，三台主变共用，在主变洞及开关站分别设置绝缘
油处理室。
The insulating oil system of Ethiopia GD 3 hydropower station is used for storage
and purification of insulating oil. The oil quantity of one main transformer is
about 35t. The system is equipped with one 5m3 oil bag, which is shared by three
main transformers. Insulating oil treatment room is located respectively in the
main transformer tunnel and the switchyard.

绝缘油系统的设备布置在 [EL.848.20] 高程的绝缘油处理室。

The equipments of the insulation oil system are arranged in the insulation oil
treatment room [EL. 848.20].
绝缘油系统主要设备见表 2-6 。
The main equipment of insulating oil system is shown in Table 2-6.

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 2.4.4 GD3 绝缘油系统 GD3 insulating oil system
Table 2-6 Main Equipment of Insaulting Oil System 绝缘油系统主要设备
No. Name Model and specifications Quantity
型号及规格
1 压力滤油机 LY-60 1台
Pressure oil filter Q=60 l/min ， P=0.3MPa
Filtering accuracy ≤5um

2 真空净油机 HW3P/B-01 1台
Vacuum oil purifier Q=45 l/min ， P≤0.5MPa
Filtering accuracy ≤3um
3 移动式齿轮油泵 KCB-120 2台
Mobile gear oil pump Q=120 l/min ， P=0.33MPa

4 齿轮油泵 KCB-60 1台
Gear oil pump Q=60 l/min ， P=0.33MPa

5 烘箱 1台
Oven
6 耐油软管 DN50 50m
Oil-resistant hose

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