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Triggers

The document discusses database triggers. It defines a trigger as a database object that is attached to a table and fires when an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE occurs on that table. It provides the basic CREATE TRIGGER syntax and examples of row-level triggers that run code or output messages for data modifications. Triggers can be used to log changes, summarize audit data, or enforce business rules for DML statements.

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24 views19 pages

Triggers

The document discusses database triggers. It defines a trigger as a database object that is attached to a table and fires when an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE occurs on that table. It provides the basic CREATE TRIGGER syntax and examples of row-level triggers that run code or output messages for data modifications. Triggers can be used to log changes, summarize audit data, or enforce business rules for DML statements.

Uploaded by

pramudinurakshi27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Triggers

S.Naji
Trigger

 A trigger is a database object that is attached to


a table. In many aspects it is similar to a stored
procedure. As a matter of fact, triggers are often
referred to as a "special kind of stored
procedure." The main difference between a
trigger and a stored procedure is that the former
is attached to a table and is only fired when an
INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE occurs. You specify
the modification action(s) that fire the trigger
when it is created
Trigger Format
 CREATE or REPLACE TRIGGER trigger_name
BEFORE INSERT
ON table_name
[ FOR EACH ROW ]
DECLARE
-- variable declarations
BEGIN
-- trigger code
EXCEPTION
WHEN ...
-- exception handling
END;
Simple example

CREATE TABLE to_table (col1 NUMBER);

Set serveroutput on;


Simple example

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER before_row_trigger


BEFORE INSERT ON to_table
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Before Insert Row Level');
END;
/
Checking the trigger

 Insert into to_table values(5);

 (detail will be printed)


Creating error messages using output

 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_dept_del


 AFTER DELETE ON employee
 FOR EACH ROW
 BEGIN
 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (':OLD.id'
|| :OLD.id);


 END;
/
Example 1 (create table1)

create table company(product_id number(4)


not null, company_id NUMBER(8) not
null, company_short_name varchar2(30) not
null,
company_long_name varchar2(60)
);

Insert records

insert into company values(11,1001,'A Inc.','Long Name A Inc.');


(Create new table)

create table product_audit(


product_id number(4) not null,
num_rows number(8) not null
);
Trigger

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER myTrigger


AFTER INSERT ON company
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
UPDATE product_audit
SET num_rows =num_rows+1
WHERE product_id =:NEW.product_id;
IF (SQL%NOTFOUND) THEN
INSERT INTO product_audit VALUES (:NEW.product_id,1);
END IF;
END;
/
Checking trigger

Insert records

insert into company values(2,1006,'F Inc.','Long Name F Inc.');

Out put

Select * from product_audit;


Example 2

CREATE TABLE employee_history (


name VARCHAR2(100),
description VARCHAR2(255),
occurred_on DATE);

CREATE TABLE employee_compensation (


company VARCHAR2(100),
name VARCHAR2(100),
compensation NUMBER,
layoffs NUMBER);
Procedure
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE employee_audit (
name IN VARCHAR2,
description IN VARCHAR2,
occurred_on IN DATE
)
IS
PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO employee_history VALUES (
employee_audit.name,
employee_audit.description,
employee_audit.occurred_on
);
COMMIT;
END;
/
Trigger

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER bef_ins_ceo_comp


BEFORE INSERT ON employee_compensation FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
ok BOOLEAN := TRUE;
BEGIN
IF ok
THEN
employee_audit (
:new.name, 'BEFORE INSERT', SYSDATE);
END IF;
END;
/
Executing

BEGIN
INSERT INTO employee_compensation VALUES ('M', 'J',
9100000, 2700);

INSERT INTO employee_compensation VALUES ('A', 'H',


33200000, 3300);

INSERT INTO employee_compensation VALUES ('E', 'G',


10700000, 20100);

END;
/
Checking output

SELECT name, description, TO_CHAR (occurred_on, 'MM/DD/YYYY HH:MI:SS')


occurred_on FROM employee_history;
Example

create table Employee(ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE)


NOT NULL primary key, First_Name
VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),Last_Name
VARCHAR2(10 BYTE), Start_Date DATE,
End_Date DATE,Salary Number(8,2),
City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),Description
VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
)
/
Trigger
create or replace trigger emp_bid
before insert or delete
on employee
referencing new as new old as old
begin
if to_char(sysdate,'Dy') in ('Sat','Sun') then
raise_application_error(-20999,'No create/delete employees on weekend!');
end if;
end;
/
checking

insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name,


Start_Date,End_Date, Salary, City,
Description)
values ('01','Jason', 'Martin',
to_date('19960725','YYYYMMDD'),
to_date('20060725','YYYYMMDD'), 1234.56,
'Toronto', 'Programmer')
/

(Error will be displayed)

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