CELL ANATOMY

by A-2
 CONTENT (WITH REPRESENTATIVE)
 Cell Intro (Discovery, Cell Theory) – Malaika Zahid
 Cell Diversity (Size and Shape) – Aliza Arshad
 Types of Cells on The Basis Of Organelle Division (Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes) – Aqsa Zainab
 Nucleus – Nissa Hussain
 Ribosomes – Madiha Farhat
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – Aemon Rashid
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – Saman Irfan
 Lysosomes – Areeba Faisal
 Mitochondria – Abeeha Shamshad
 Golgi Apparatus – Nida Gul
 Cell Membrane – Maryam Amjad
 Cell Wall – Syeda Hafsa Ali
CELL (DISCOVERY AND CELL THEORY)
by Malaika Zahid
 CELL:

• Derived from the Latin word “cella” which means small room.
• Structural and functional unit of all living organisms Cells are the building block of
life.
• Cells can vary in shape, size and functions.
• They are enclosed by a cell membrane.
• All cells use DNA as their genetic information.
• Single-cell organisms (unicellular).
• Organism composed of many cells(multicellular).
• Cells and groups of cells are organized by their function.
• Cells are the smallest entities that can perform essential
processes of life such as reproduction, growth, and repair
of multicellular organisms.
DISCOVERY:
• In 1665, ROBERT HOOKE observed that a tiny slice of cork had
tiny compartments in it.
• The dead plants cell of cork observed by Robert Hooke were
found to be empty.

• ANTON VON LEEWUWENHOEK designed improved microscope and

describe for the first time, free living cells – bacteria.
• In 1838, a German scientist Schleiden suggested that all plants
are made of cells.
• A year later, another scientist Schwann suggested that all animas
are made of cells.
• These observations led to a general cell theory of organisms.
 CELL THEORY:
• The cell theory states that the basic unit of structure and function of all living
organisms is the cell.
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division.
DIVERSITY OF CELL
SIZE AND SHAPE
by Aliza Arshad
 Different cells within a single organism can come in a variety
of sizes and shapes. They may not be very big, but their
shapes can be very different from each other.
 However, these cells all have common abilities, such as
obtaining and using food energy, responding to the external
environment, and reproducing.
• Cells are present in a variety of sizes.
• Micrometers are used to
measure the size of cells in
live organisms.
• The majority of cells are 5-15
micrometers in size (bacteria is the smallest
known living cell)
TYPES OF CELLS ON THE BASIS OF
ORGANELLE DIVISION
by Aqsa Zainab

• Cells are classified into different types based on how their

organelles divide. Organelles are subcellular structures
within cells that perform specific functions.
Prokaryotic cell:
 A prokaryotic cell is a type of cell that lacks a distinct
nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. These
cells are generally smaller and simpler in structure
compared to eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cell:
 Eukaryotic cell that makeup the fundamental units of life
in organisms belonging to the domain Eukarya. Eukaryotic
cells are structurally and functionally more complex than
prokaryotic cells, which are found in organisms from the
domains bacteria and Archaea.
Similarities prokaryotic eukaryotic
cell:
 A prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane,
cytoplasm, and ribosomes but a eukaryotic cell is typically
larger than a prokaryotic cell, as a true nucleus(meaning
its DNA is surrounded by a membrane)and has other
membrane-bound organelles that allow for
compartmentation of function.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC
AND EUKARYOTIC CELL
 Nucleus
by Nissa

Functions
• Protects DNA
• Helps to build structure
• Most prominent and the largest cellular
organelle.
• Occupies about 10% of total volume of
the cell
• Structure of Nucleus
1. Nuclear Envelope
2. Nucleoplasm
3. Chromatin Material
4. Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
• Double membrane bound
organelle and porous in nature.
• Allows the nucleoplasm to
nuclear
communicate with the pores
cytoplasm. nuclear
pore
• Outer layer of nuclear
membrane is continuous with
nucleolus
the membrane of endoplasmic nuclear envelope
reticulum.
• Diameter of the pores is about
80 to 100 nm.
Nucleoplasm

• Highly viscous fluid that

forms the ground substance
of the nucleus.
• Surrounds chromatin and
nucleolus.
• It contains a dense fibrillar
network of proteins called
the nuclear matrix and
many substances such as
nucleotides and enzymes
Chromatin Material
• A thread-like material made
up of large molecules of DNA. DNA
• DNA molecules are compactly
packed with the help of a chromosome
specialized basic protein
called histone. histone protein
• Chromatin is referred to as
DNA-histone complex.
 Nucleolus
Function
• Ribosome production

• A small, round granular

structure of the nucleus.
• Each nucleus contains one
or more nucleoli.
• Contains RNA and some
proteins, which are similar
to those found in
ribosomes
RIBOSOMES
(Ribonucleic protein)
by Madiha Farhat

 It is the most important cell organelle.

 It is a large complex molecule found in both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
 Ribosome was first observed by George Emil Palade in 1955
using an electron microscope.
 They are roughly spherical granular bodies.
 They are formed in the nucleolus of the nucleus.
Composition: RNA +PROTEIN

 Types: 2

1. Eukaryotic /80s ribosomes

 They are larger and characterized as 80s ribosomes
1. Prokaryotic / 70s ribosomes
 They are slightly smaller and characterized as 70s ribosomes
 Structure

1. It is without membrane
2. Two subunits are attached by different angles large subunit or small subunit
3. The subunit of ribosomes are synthesized by the nucleus
4. The subunit joins together when ribosomes attach to the mRNA during the process of
translation
5. Ribosomes along with tRNA help to translate the protein-coding in mRNA to protein
Function

1. It is the protein factory of cells

2. It synthesizes protein (translation)

Steps

1. It assembles amino acids to form protein that is essential to carry out the cellular
function
2. The DNA produces mRNA by the process of transcription
3. The mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm for the
process of translation
4. The ribosomal subunit in the cytoplasm is bound around mRNA polymers
 The tRNA then synthesizes protein
1. The proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm itself, the protein synthesized by round
ribosomes are transported outside the cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (rough)
by Aemon Rashid

1. Endoplasmic means inside cytoplasm and reticulum means network.

2. Endoplasmic reticulum was reported by Porter in 1945.
 Definition
 An interconnecting network of cisternae (elongated closed sacs)
which is generally extended from nuclear membrane to plasma
membrane throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.
 Composition
 Endoplasmic reticulum is made up of protein and lipids
 Types of endoplasmic reticulum

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum RER

2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum RER
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum RER has ribosomes attached to the
sides facing cytoplasm and has a rough appearance due to the
presence of ribosomes
 Function of RER

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is mainly concerned with events of

protein synthesis( translation) due to the association of
ribosomes
 The presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell also
provides mechanical support to the cell
SMOOTH ER
by Saman Irfan Kiani

 It is a part of endoplasmic reticulum in cells it is involve in lipid

metabolism and detoxification.
 Structure
 Smooth ER consists of a long network of a folded tube like
structure, the interior of smooth ER is called lumen, which is
enclosed by a phospholipid membrane, just like the membrane
that encloses the entire cell. The smooth ER is the network of
tubules and sacs found in eukaryotic cells unlike the rough ER
which is studded with ribosome the smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
 Composition

 The smooth ER is composed of a phospholipid bilayer membrane

 The smooth ER consists of interconnected tubules and small, spherical
vesicles these structures allow for the transport of molecules and synthesis of
lipids.
 Function of smooth ER
 The main function of smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of lipids including
phospholipids and cholesterol which are important components of a cell
membrane.
 LYSOSOMES
by Areeba Faisal

Definition
 Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain
an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of
biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, and lipids.
 Function
 The key function of lysosomes is digestion and removal of
waste. Cellular debris or foreign particles are pulled into the
cell through the process of endocytosis. The process of
endocytosis happens when the cell membrane falls in on
itself (invagination), creating a vacuole or a pouch around
the external contents and then bringing those contents into
the cell.
 On the other hand, discarded wastes and other substances
originating from within the cell are digested by the process
of auto-phagocytosis or autophagy. The process of
autophagy involves the disassembly or degradation of the
cellular components through a natural, regulated
mechanism.
 Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles and the area
within the membrane is called the lumen, which contains
the hydrolytic enzymes and other cellular debris. The pH
level of the lumen lies between 4.5 and 5.0, which makes it
quite acidic. It is almost comparable to the function of acids
found in the stomach.
 Besides breaking down biological polymers, lysosomes are
also involved in various other cell processes such as
counting discharged materials, energy metabolism, cell
signalling, and restoration of the plasma membrane.
 The sizes of lysosomes vary, with the largest ones
measuring in more at than 1.2 μm. But they typically range
from 0.1 μm to 0.6 μm.
 Mitochondria
by Abeeha shamshad
SAP ID: 51308

HISTORY
1. Mitochondria were first seen by Kollicker (1850) in muscles and called them
“Sarcosomes”.
2. Flemming (1882) described these organelles as “Filia”.
3. Altmann (1890) observed these structures and named them “Bioblast”.
4. Benda (1898) stained these organelles with crystal violet and renamed them
“Mitochondria”.
Location and Structure
 Located in the cytoplasm of the cell.
 It is the largest cell organelle.
 Varies in shape from spherical to elongated ovals.
 Double membrane bonded organelle.
 The outer membrane is smooth, more permeable to small molecules, and
contains some enzymes.
 Inner membrane has folds, surrounds a central cavity, selectively
permeable to certain molecules.
 Folds of the inner wall of mitochondria are “Cristea”.
 The space between mitochondria inner and outer membrane is
intermembrane space.
 Matrix is filled with a dense solution containing enzymes, coenzymes,
water, and other molecules
 Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes.
 Only present in eukaryotic cell
Functions
 Heme Synthesis: Iron incorporation into porphyrin ring, forming heme in
mitochondria, and cytosol.
 Cellular Respiration: Glucose is broken down, producing ATP through
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport; releasing carbon dioxide, and
water.
 ATP Production: Glucose metabolized, cellular respiration in
mitochondria, yielding adenosine triphosphate energy
 Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, removes damaged cells, maintains tissue
homeostasis, intrinsic, extrinsic
 Regulation of the cellular redox space: Mitochondria play a role in
maintaining the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants
within the cell
 Why mitochondria is known

THINK TANK
as the POWER HOUSE OF
THE CELL?????

Mitochondria produce ATP, the primary energy

currency of the cell, through oxidative phosphorylation.
This central role in energy production earned it the
nickname "powerhouse of the cell." Essential for
cellular functions.
GOLGI APPARATUS
by Nida Gul

 The Golgi apparatus is also known as the Golgi complex,

Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in
most eukaryotic cell (cells with clearly defined nuclei)
that is made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches
called cisternae.
Parts of Golgi body
1. Cisternae 3. Vesicles
Golgi body is made up of nearly four Tiny sacs
to eight cisternae Diameter 20 to 80 nm
Contain fluid called matrix Attached to the tips of tubules and
Inter cisternae space 20130nm develops format

Face of Cisternae

2. Tubules 4. Vacuoles
Short and branched Round vesicles or sacs without which are
Inter connect all cisternae enlarged parts of the cisternae

Diameter 30 to 50 nm Gilligan vacuoles contain amorphous or

granular substances also function as
Involved in the transport of molecule lysosomes.
with in the Golgi body
Function of Golgi body
 Protein modification sorting and packaging

 Distribute lipids to various cellular membranes including plasma membrane and

organelles.

 Formation of lysosomes

 Formation of secretory vesicles

 Formation of transport vesicles

 Golgi apparatus or Golgi body

 In 1988 first observed by Camillo Golgi in the nerve cells of owls and cats.

 It consists of series of flattened curved and stacked membranous sacs and cisternae.

 It transports, modifies and packs into various as well as lipids into vesicles and delivers
them to the target place.
 Cell Membrane
aka Plasma Membrane
by
Maryam Amjad

• It is a thin membrane that surrounds every living cell. It is present in all

organisms and most of the viruses.
• Semipermeable.
• It encloses cell constituents that are proteins, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, etc.
• Outside the cell are ions, acids, and alkalis that are toxic to the cell as
well as nutrients that help the cell grow.
• It regulates cell growth via endocytosis and exocytosis.
Functions
 To be a barrier keeping cells
components in and unwanted
substances out.
 To be a gate allowing transport
into the cell of essential nutrients
and movement from the cell of
waste products.
 Metabolically active (membranes
who have greater metabolism
generally have more proteins than
others).
 Very flexible (for the purpose of
movement).
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION
• Moreover, it functions in cell division, motility
conduction, and sexual reproduction.
CELL WALL
by Syeda Hafsa Ali
Definition
 A cell wall is defined as a rigid, external layer that is specially
designed to provide structural support and rigidity it also keeps
the interior components of the cell safe from the external
environment.
 The function of cell wall:
 The main function of the cell wall is to provide structural support
and strength and also provide a semi-permeable surface for
molecules to pass in and out of the cell.

Why cell wall is needed in plants?

 Plant cells do not have a skeleton like animals so they need a cell wall
that provides support and protection to them.
 Plants' cells have cell walls because plants do not move from one place
to another hence, they need rigidity which is provided by the cell wall
this rigidity allows plants to stand upright.
STRUCTURE OF CELL WALL:
 The three layers that make up the cell wall structure are:

1. Primary cell wall

2. Middle lamella
3. Secondary cell wall

• Middle lamella: This outer cell wall layer contains polysaccharides called pectins. Pectins
help in cell binding by helping the cell walls of cells next to each other to bind to one another.​
• Primary cell wall: This layer is formed between the middle lamella and plasma membrane
in growing plant cells. It is primarily composed of cellulose microfibrils. The primary cell
wall provides the strength and flexibility needed to allow for cell growth.​
• Secondary cell wall: This layer is formed between the primary cell wall and plasma
membrane in some plant cells. Once the primary cell wall has stopped dividing and growing,
it may thicken to form a secondary cell wall. This rigid layer strengthens and supports the
cell. In addition to cellulose and hemicellulose, some secondary cell walls contain lignin.
Lignin strengthens the cell wall and aids in water conductivity in plant vascular tissue cells.
STRUCTURE
Is a Cell wall needed in animals?
 Animal cells don’t have cell walls because they do not need
them.
 If animals have cell walls in the same way plants do they would
be incapable of movement.