LESSON 2: ENGLISH FOR

ACADEMIC AND
TEXT STRUCTURE PROFESSIONAL
PURPOSES
 At the end of the lesson, the
learners will be able to:
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES 1. Define text structure.
2. Determine the different text
structures of academic text.
WHAT IS TEXT
STRUCTURE?
  It refers to the way authors arrange
information in writing
 It enables authors to organize their
DEFINITIONS thoughts as they write
 It helps the readers understand the
text with the help of how it is
constructed and organized
COMMON TYPES OF
TEXT STRUCTURES
 IT NARRATES AN
EVENT/STORY WITH

1. NARRATIVE CHARACTERS,
SETTING, CONFLICT,
POINT OF VIEW, AND
PLOT
 GRAPHIC
ORGANIZER
  DESCRIPTIVE LANGUAGE SUCH AS
TRANSITIONS/ - ADJECTIVES
SIGNAL - ADVERBS

WORDS - SIMILES
- METAPHORS
  NOVELS
 POEMS OR POETRY
 DRAMA OR PLAYS
COULD BE  SHORT STORIES
FOUND IN …  NOVELLAS
 MYTHS, LEGENDS, FOLKTALES, FAIRY TALES, AND
EPICS
 THE KIND MAN AND HIS MONEY
A Short Story by Carlos Salinas

After he had counted his money,

the kind man divided it up among the
EXAMPLE people he loved and cared for, keeping
just enough to care for himself. Upon
seeing this, his friend spoke to him,
“You clearly do not understand the
value of money!” The man smiled
kindly and responded, “You clearly do
not understand the value of people.”
2.CHRONOLOGICAL
, PROCESS OR
SEQUENCE
 IT PRESENTS IDEAS

DEFINITION OR EVENTS IN THE

ORDER IN WHICH
THEY HAPPEN
 GRAPHIC
ORGANIZER
  FIRST, SECOND, THIRD …
 LATER
 NEXT
 BEFORE
TRANSITIONS/  THEN

SIGNAL  FINALLY

WORDS  AFTER
 WHEN
 SINCE
 NOW/PREVIOUSLY
 ACTUAL USE OF DATES
 Ondoy began to develop from an
active low-pressure area to a tropical
cyclone on September 24, 2009. The
following day, PAGASA raised storm
signals all over the Philippine archipelago.
At that point, signal no. 2 was raised in
Catanduanes and other parts of Luzon. By
EXAMPLE of Saturday morning, reports of flooding
CHRONOLOGY started to pour in. Meanwhile, President
/TIME ORDER Arroyo declared a state of calamity in
Metro Manila. Immediately after
President Arroyo’s declaration, various
government agencies began the rescue
and relief operations. As soon as Typhoon
Ondoy exited the Philippines, more and
more relief and rescue operations were
conducted.
 During flooding, one thing
that may probably save your life is
an improvised flotation device. You
can make one using your pants.
EXAMPLE of First, knot off the leg holes of your
PROCESS OR pants. Then, hold the open waist
SEQUENCE and swing the pants around to fill
the legs with air. Promptly knot
the waist to trap the air and hold
the pants underwater so that the
air would not escape.
3. CAUSE AND
EFFECT
 IT PROVIDES

DEFINITION EXPLANATIONS OR
REASONS FOR
PHENOMENA
 GRAPHIC
ORGANIZER
  IF/THEN
 REASONS WHY
 AS A RESULT
 THEREFORE
TRANSITIONS/  BECAUSE
SIGNAL  CONSEQUENTLY
WORDS  SINCE
 SO THAT
 FOR
 DUE TO
 The advancement in technology and economy
has created major changes in modern society. One
of these changes is globalization. As we know,
globalization has affected the world in many ways.
First, it served as a catalyst to worldwide trading,
thus allowing countries to access foreign products.
Although this had positive effects, it also posed a
real threat to the merchandise of local traders.
Second, globalization affected the financial market.
As a result, different countries had more access to EXAMPLE
funds, and the exchange in national currencies
dramatically increased. Finally, globalization also led
to the privatization of various facilities, such as
public health institutions. These institutions were
being privatized due to the idea that the private
sector can better manage and provide health
services. In consequence, health policies become
more and more of a commodity on a global scale.
4.PROBLEM/
SOLUTION
 IT IDENTIFIES
DEFINITION PROBLEMS AND
POSES SOLUTIONS
 GRAPHIC
ORGANIZER
  PROBLEM IS
 DILEMMA IS
TRANSITIONS/  IF/THEN

SIGNAL  BECAUSE

WORDS  SO THAT
 QUESTION/ANSWER
 PUZZLE IS SOLVED
 In most parts of the world, there are
not as many crocodiles as there used to be.
This is a problem because crocodiles are
becoming endangered and also crocodiles
are necessary to the balance of nature. Many
crocodiles have died because people dried up
the swamps and marshes where the
EXAMPLE crocodiles live. Poachers have also
contributed to the dilemma as crocodiles
have been desired for their strong smooth,
leathery skins. In order to preserve these
mighty creatures, people must take care of
the crocodiles’ environment and help put a
stop to the needless shooting of these
animals.
5. COMPARE
AND
CONTRAST
  IT DISCUSSES TWO IDEAS, EVENTS, OR
DEFINITION PHENOMENA, SHOWING HOW THEY ARE
DIFFERENT AND HOW THEY ARE SIMILAR
 GRAPHIC
ORGANIZER
  HOWEVER/YET
 NEVERTHELESS
 ON THE OTHER HAND
 BUT/WHEREAS – SIMILARLY
TRANSITIONS/  ALTHOUGH
SIGNAL  ALSO/LIKEWISE
WORDS  IN CONTRAST/COMPARISON
 DIFFERENT
 EITHER/OR
 IN THE SAME WAY/JUST AS
 There are key differences between
academic and professional writing. For example,
academic writing is generally structured
differently that professional writing. Academic
papers usually include traditional, well-developed
paragraphs whereas professional documents
often contain short direct paragraphs with bullet
points to highlight key ideas. Both styles of EXAMPLE
writing however, require a formal tone. Similarly,
academic and professional writing both employ a
serious tone required in formal writing to gain the
respect of the reader. No matter which type of
writing you are creating , it is most important to
tailor your writing to fit the expectations of the
genre so that your message will be received.
6. DEFINITION OR
DESCRIPTION
 IT DESCRIBES A
TOPIC BY LISTING

DEFINITION CHARACTERISTICS,
FEATURES,
ATTRIBUTES, AND
EXAMPLES
 GRAPHIC
ORGANIZER
  IS DEFINED
 REFERS TO
 FOR EXAMPLE
TRANSITIONS/  CHARACTERISTICS
SIGNAL  FOR INSTANCE
WORDS  SUCH AS
 INCLUDING
 TO ILLUSTRATE
 Social engineering is defined as
any method which tricks people to
share personal information through
the use of technology. The “social”
component in this scheme means that
there is reliance on various
EXAMPLE psychological tricks and on the
gullibility of users rather than technical
hacking. Social engineering also refers
to various malicious acts online, such
as phishing, spamming, and
pretexting.
 According to the Oxford
Learner’s Dictionary, Nationalism is “a
feeling of love for and pride in your
country; a feeling that your country is
better than any other”. For example, a
EXAMPLE nationalist who goes to a procession
during a national holiday can easily get
angry because someone else has let his
country’s flag fall on the ground or
even touch the ground.