BASIC INDUSTRIAL METROLOGY

Dr.Eng. Ir. Rudi Suhradi Rachmat. M.Eng.

 Machine-Tool Slideway

Figure 35.1 Cross-section of a machine-tool slideway. The width, depth. Angles, and
other dimensions all must be produced amd measured accurately for the machine tool to
function as expected.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R.
Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All
rights reserved.
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT

1. Direct Measurement

Direct measurement is a
measurement process using
direct measuring instrument
and the measurement result
can be directly read.
 TYPES OF MEASUREMENT

2. Indirect Measurement
Indirect measurement is a
measurement process that is
implemented using some type of
measuring device comparison,
standards and measurement tools
to help.
 TYPES OF MEASUREMENT

3. Measurements with Calibre Limit

Measurements with Limit Caliber is the
process of checking to ascertain whether
the measuring object has a price that is
located inside or outside the tolerance
area the size, shape and / or position.
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT

4. Measuring With Reference

Measurements by comparing with a form

of reference assigned to the projection
screen measuring tool.
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT

5. Measurement Special Geometry

Measurements were performed only for a

certain type of geometry, such as:
determination cylinder, screw pitch, pitch
gears, etc.
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT

6. Coordinate Measuring with Measure Machine

Coordinate Measuring Machine is a

measuring tool of modern geometry with
using a computer to control the movement of
the sensor relative to the measuring object to
analyze measurement data.
LINEAR MEASUREMENT
1. Ruler Measure
LINEAR MEASUREMENT

VERNIER CALIPER
LINEAR MEASUREMENT
VERNIER CALIPER
LINEAR MEASUREMENT

VERNIER CALIPER
LINEAR MEASUREMENT

VERNIER CALIPER FOR HIGH MEASUREMENT

LINEAR MEASUREMENT
Readings Measurement Results For Vernier Caliper
LINEAR MEASUREMENT
Readings Measurement Results For Vernier Caliper
LINEAR MEASUREMENT
3. MICROMETER
LINEAR MEASUREMENT

3. MICROMETER
LINEAR MEASUREMENT
Types of Micrometer
Limit micrometer (0-50mm / 0-2 ")
LINEAR MEASUREMENT

Types of Micrometer

Mikrometer Mikrometer Mikrometer

Diameter Dalam Lubang
Tiga Kaki
(Triobor)
LINEAR MEASUREMENT

Jenis-Jenis Mikrometer

Mikrometer V-Anvil

Mikrometer Ulir Mikrometer Roda Gigi

LINEAR MEASUREMENT
Micrometer readings Measurement Results
LINEAR MEASUREMENT
Micrometer readings Measurement Results
LINEAR MEASUREMENT
Micrometer readings Measurement Results
LINEAR MEASUREMENT
Excercise

8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 2 4 6 8 10

(A) (B) 35

0 10 30

8
0 1 2 45
6
40
25
4

20
0 5

15

10
(C) (D)

5
LINEAR MEASUREMENT

4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(A) (B)

40 30

4 35 8 9 25

5 30 20

(C) (D)
 ANGLE MEASUREMENT

1. BEVEL PROTRACTOR
 ANGLE MEASUREMENT
2. BUSUR BAJA (STEEL ENGINEER PROTRACTOR)

Acuracy= 1 º
ANGLE MEASUREMENT

3. BATANG SINUS (SINE BAR)

ANGLE MEASUREMENT
3. BATANG SINUS (SINE BAR)
ANGLE MEASUREMENT
3. BATANG SINUS (SINE BAR)
MEASUREMENT UPRIGHT STRAIGHT
ANGLE MEASUREMENT

Standar Siku Obyek

Ukur
FLATNESS MEASUREMENT
1. WATER LEVEL / SPIRIT LEVEL

Pengatur posisi Gelembung

Acuraccy = 0.02 mm/m

= 0.04 mm/m
= 0.08 mm/m
CIRCLE MEASUREMENT
Engineering Metrology and Instrumentation
 Machine-Tool Slideway

Figure 35.1 Cross-section of a machine-tool slideway. The width, depth. Angles, and
other dimensions all must be produced amd measured accurately for the machine tool to
function as expected.
 Analog and
Digital
Measuring
Devices

Figure 35.2 (a) A vernier (analog) micrometer. (b) A digital micrometer with a range of 0 to 1 in. (0
to 25 mm) and a resolution of 50 μin. (1.25μm). It is generally easier to read dimensions on this
instrument compared to the analog micrometer. (c) Schematic illustration showing the integration of
digital gages with microprocessors for real-time data acquisition for statistical process control.
Source: (a) Courtesy of L.C. Starret Co. and (b) Courtesy of Mitutoyo Corp.
Digital-Micrometer Depth Gage

Figure 35.3 A digital micrometer depth gage.

Source: Courtesy of Starret Co.
 Dial Indicator Uses

Figure 35.4 Three uses of dial indicators: (a) roundess, (b)

depth, and (c) multiple-dimension gaging of a part.
 Measuring Straightness

Figure 35.5 Measuring straightness manually with (a) a knife-edge rule and (b) a
dial indicator. Source: After F. T. Farago.
 Measuring Flatness

Figure 35.6 (a) Interferometry method for measuring flatness using an optical flat. (b) Fringes
on a flat, inclined surface. An optical flat resting on a perfectly flat workpiece surface will not
split the light beam, and no fringes will be present. (c) Fringes on a surface with two
inclinations. Note: the greater the incline, the closer together are the fringes. (d) Curved fringe
patterns indicate curvatures on the workpiece surface.
 Measuring Roundness

Figure 35.7 (a) Schematic illustration of out-of-roundess (exaggerated). Measuring

roundess using (b) a V-block and dial indicator, (c) a round part supported on centers and
rotated, and (d) circular tracing. Source: After F. T. Farago.
Measuring Gear-Tooth Thickness and
Profile

Figure 35.8 Measuring gear-tooth thickness and profile with (a) a gear-
tooth caliper and (b) pins or balls and a micrometer. Source: Courtesy of
American Gear Manufacturers Association.
 Optical Contour Projector

Figure 35.9 A bench-model horizontal-beam contour projector with a 16-in. diameter

screen with 150-W tungsten halogen illumination. Source: Courtesy of L. S. Starrett
Company, Precision Optical Division.
 Fixed Gages

Figure 35.10 (a) Plug gage for holes with GO and NOT GO on opposite ends. (b) Plug gage
with GO and NOT GO on one end. (c) Plain ring gages for gaging round rods. Note the
difference in knurled surfaces to identify the two gages. (d) Snap gage with adjustable
anvils.
 Air Gages

(c)

Figure 35.11 (a) Schematic illustration

of the principle for an air gage. (b)
Three types of plugs used for air
gaging. The gage on the right is an air
snap gage. (c) A conical head for air
gaging; note the small air holes on the
conical surface. Source: (b) Courtesy
of Mahr Federal Inc. (c) Courtesy of
Stotz Gaging Co.

(b)
 Electronic Gage

Figure 35.12 An electronic gage for measuring bore diameter. The

measuring head is equipped with three carbide-tipped steel pins
for wear resistance. The LED display reads 29.158 mm. Source:
Courtesy of TESA SA.
Electronic Gage Measuring Vertical Length

Figure 35.13 An electronic vertical-length

measuring instrument with a resolution of 1
μm (40 μin). Source: Courtesy of TESA SA.
 Laser Micrometers

Figure 35.14 (a) and (b) Two types of measurements made with a laser scan micrometer. (c)
Two types of laser micrometers. Note that the instrument in the front scans the part (placed
in the opening) in one dimension; the larger instrument scans the part in two dimensions.
Source: Courtesy of BETA LaserMike.
 Coordinate-Measuring
Machine

(b) (c) (d)

Figure 35.15 (a) Schematic illustration of a coordinate-measuring machine. (b) A touch signal
probe. (c) Examples of laser probes. (d) A coordinate-measuring machine with a complex part
being measured. Source: (b) through (d) Courtesy of Mitutoyo Corp.
 Coordinate-Measuring Machine for Car
Bodies

Figure 35.16 A large coordinate-measuring machine with two heads measuring various
dimensions on a car body. Source: Courtesy of Mitutoyo Corp.
 Tolerance Control

Figure 35.17 Basic size, deviation, and tolerance on a

shaft, according to the ISO system.
Methods of Assigning Tolerances

Figure 35.18 Various methods of assigning tolerances on a shaft: (a)

bilateral tolerance, (b) unilateral tolerance, and (c) limit dimensions.
 Dimensional
Tolerances as a
Function of Part Size

Figure 35.19 Dimensional

tolerances as a function of
part size for various
manufacturing processes.
Note that because many
factors are involved, there is
a broad range for tolerances.
 Dimensional
Tolerance Range
and Surface
Roughness in
Various Processes

Figure 35.20 Dimensional tolerance range and surface roughness obtained in various manufacturing
processes. These tolerance apply to a 25-mm (1-in.) workpiece dimeinsion. Source: After J. A. Schey.
Engineering Drawing
Symbols
Figure 35.21 Geometric characteristic symbols
to be indicated on engineering drawings of
parts to be manufactured. Source: Courtesy of
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.