Morley15e - PPT - ch07 REV

15th Edition
Understanding Computers
Today and Tomorrow
Comprehensive
Chapter 7
Computer Networks
Deborah Morley
Charles S. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning
Learning Objectives
1. Define a computer network and its purpose.

2. Describe several uses for networks.
3. Understand the various characteristics of a network, such as
topology, architecture, and size.
4. Understand characteristics about data and how it travels
over a network.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 2

Learning Objectives
5. Name specific types of wired and wireless networking media

and explain how they transmit data.
6. Identify the most common communications protocols and
networking standards used with networks today.
7. List several types of networking hardware and explain the
purpose of each.

Overview
• This chapter covers:

– Computer network is defined
– Common networking and communications applications
– Networking concepts and terminology
– Technical issues related to networks, including general
characteristics of data transmission, and types of
transmission media in use today
– Explanation of the various communications protocols and
networking standards
– Various types of hardware used with a computer network

What Is a Network?
• Network
– A connected system of objects or people
• Computer network
– A collection of computers and other hardware devices
connected together so users can share hardware,
software, and data, and electronically communicate
• Computer networks are converging with telephone and other
communications networks
• Networks range from small private networks to the Internet
• In most businesses, computer networks are essential

Networking Applications
• The Internet
• Telephone Service
• Cellular (cell) Phones
• Satellite Phones
• Television and Radio Broadcasting
• Global Positioning System (GPS) Applications
• Monitoring Systems
• RFID-based Systems
• GPS-based Monitoring Systems
• Electronic Medical Monitors


• Multimedia Networking
• Videoconferencing, Collaborative Computing, and
Telecommuting
• Telemedicine

Network Characteristics
• Wired vs. Wireless Networks

– Wired
• A network in which computers and other devices are
physically connected to the network with cables
• Found in schools, businesses, and government facilities
– Wireless
• A network in which computers and other devices are
connected to the network without physical cables
• Data is typically sent via radio waves
• Found in homes, schools, and businesses

• Network Topologies: Indicate how the devices in the network

are arranged
– Star Networks
• All networked devices connect to a central
device/server
• If the central device fails, the network
cannot work
– Bus Network
• Uses a central cable to which all network devices
connect
– Mesh network
• Multiple connections among the devices on the
network so that messages can take any of several
possible paths

• Network Architectures
1. Client-Server Networks
• Client
– Computer or other device on the network that
requests and utilizes network resources
• Server
– Computer dedicated to processing client
requests


2. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networks

• Central server is not used
• All computers on the
network work at the
same
functional level
• Users have direct access to the computers and devices
attached to the network
• Less complicated and less expensive to implement than
client-server networks
• Internet P2P Computing
– Content is exchanged over the Internet
directly between users
• Network Size and Coverage Area

– Personal Area Networks (PANs)
• Connect an individual’s personal devices
– Devices must be physically located close together
– Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Connect devices located in a small geographic area
– Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
• Cover a metropolitan area such as a city or county
– Wide Area Networks (WANs)
• Cover a large geographic area
• Two or more LANs connected together

– Intranets and Extranets

• Intranet
– Private network designed to be used by an
organizations’ employees; set up like the Internet
• Extranet
– Company network accessible by authorized
outsiders
– Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
• Private, secure path over the Internet that provides
authorized users a secure means of accessing a private
network via the Internet
• Uses tunneling and special encryption technology

Data Transmission Characteristics
• Bandwidth
– The amount of data that can be
transferred in a given period of time
– Measured in bits per second (bps),
Kbps (thousands), Mbps (millions ), or
GFbps (billions)
• Analog vs. Digital Signals
– Data represented by two discrete
states: 0s and 1s
– Conventional telephone systems
use
analog signals
• Represent data with continuous
wavesToday and Tomorrow, 15th Edition
Understanding Computers: 17
• Transmission Type and Timing

– Serial
• Data sent one bit at a time,
one after another, along a
single path
– Parallel
• Data sent at least one byte at
time with each bit in the
byte taking a different path

• Synchronous Transmission
– Blocks of data are transferred at regular, specified intervals
– Most data transmissions within a computer and over a
network are synchronous
• Asynchronous Transmission
– Data is sent when ready without being synchronized
– Start bits and stop bits used to identify the bits that belong
in each byte
• Isochronous Transmission
– Data sent at the same time as other, related, data


• Simplex Transmission
– Data travels in a single direction only
• Half-Duplex Transmission
– Data travels in either direction but only one way at a time
• Full-Duplex Transmission
– Data travels in both directions at the same time

• Delivery Method
– Circuit-Switching
• Dedicated path over a network is established between
sender and receiver; all data follows that path
– Packet-Switching
• Messages are separated into small units called packets
and travel along the network separately; packets are
reassembled once destination is reached
– Broadcasting
• Data is sent out to all other nodes on the network and
retrieved only by the intended recipient; primarily used
with LANs

Networking Media
• Wired Networking Media

– Twisted-Pair Cable
• Pairs of insulated wires twisted together
• Used for telephone and network connections (LANs)
– Coaxial Cable
• Thick center wire surrounded by insulation
• Used for computer networks and cable television
delivery
– Fiber-Optic Cable
• Utilizes hundreds of thin transparent clear glass or
plastic fibers over which lasers transmit data as light
• Used for high-speed communications
Networking Media

Networking Media
• Wireless Networking Media

– Data is sent through the airwaves using radio signals
– The Electromagnetic and Wireless Spectrum
• Radio frequencies are assigned by the FCC and are
measured in hertz (Hz)
• The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of
common
electromagnetic radiation (energy)
• Different parts of the spectrum have different
properties, which make certain frequencies more
appropriate for certain applications

Networking Media

Networking Media
• Frequencies assigned to an application usually consist of a

range of frequencies to be used as needed
• Most wireless networking applications use frequencies in
the
RF band at the low end of the spectrum—up to 300 GHz
– Often called the wireless spectrum
• The 900 MHz, 2.4GHz, 5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz frequencies are
within an unlicensed part of the spectrum and can be used by
any product or individual
– Cordless landline phones, garage door openers,
Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and Bluetooth

Networking Media
• Cellular Radio Transmissions

– Use cellular towers within honeycomb-shaped zones called
cells
– Calls are transferred from cell tower to cell tower as the
individual moves
– Cell tower forwards call to the MTSO
– MTSO routes call to the recipient’s phone
– Data sent via cell phones works in similar manner
– The speed of cellular radio transmissions depends on
the
type of cellular standard being used

Networking Media

Networking Media
• Microwave and Satellite Transmissions

– Microwaves
• High-frequency radio signals that are sent and received
using microwave stations or satellites
• Signals are line of sight, so microwave stations are
usually built on tall buildings, towers, mountaintops
– Microwave stations
• Earth-based stations that transmit signals directly to
each other within a range of 30 miles
• Stations designed to communicate with satellites
(television and internet services) are called satellite
dishes

Networking Media
– Communication satellites are launched into orbit to send

and receive microwave signals from earth
• Traditional satellites use geosynchronous orbit 22,300
miles above the earth
• A delay of less than one half-second is common when
signals travel from earth to satellite and back
• Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites were developed to
combat delay
• Medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites are most
often
used for GPS systems

Networking Media

Networking Media
• Infrared (IR) Transmissions

– Sends data as infrared light rays
– Like an infrared television remote, IR requires line of sight
– Because of this limitation, many formerly IR devices
(wireless mice, keyboards) now use RF technology
– IR is sometimes used to beam data between some
mobile
devices, game consoles, and handheld gaming
devices

Networking Media
S.no Infrared Radio Waves Microwaves
Infrared is used for short-range
Radio waves are the type of wireless Microwaves are a line of sight
communication like TV remotes, mobile
communication that can travel large transmission, meaning both the
1 phones, personal computers, etc. In
distances as well as can penetrate any antennas sending and receiving should
science, the Infrared is part of a spectrum
wall be properly aligned.
that is not visible to the human eye
The frequency range of infrared rays The frequency range of radio Microwaves have a frequency Range
2
300GHz – 400THz waves:3KHz – 1GHz. between 1GHz – 300GHz.
The limitation of infrared rays is that they They are unidirectional, as they can
cannot penetrate any obstacles and can move in only one direction, and
It can travel large distances as well as
only use for short-range. Also, Infrared is therefore it is used in point-to-point
3 can penetrate any wall ( Omni-
used in night vision cameras as it has communication or unicast
directional,
thermal properties. The frequency range communication such as radar and
of infrared rays 300GHz – 400THz satellite.
Advantages of microwaves then we say

Infrared is one of the secure wireless
that it is a very fast way of
communication mediums as it is used for Radio waves can travel to long distances
communication, that can carry 25000
short-range. Also, unlike other wireless so it is used for long distance
4 voice channels at the same time. Also,
mediums, infrared is quite inexpensive, communication and there is no need of
it is a wireless communication medium
and this is some reason it is used in many digging and spreading wires.
so there is no need of digging and
electronic devices.
spreading wires.
Microwaves are used in mobile phones

Infrared waves are used in TV remotes, Radio waves are used in AM and FM
5 communication and television
mobile phones, personal computers radios, and cordless phones.
distribution.
Communications Protocols and
Networking Standards
• Protocol
– A set of rules for a particular situation
– Communications Protocol
• A set of rules that determine how devices on a network
communicate
• Standard
– A set of criteria or requirements approved by a recognized
standards organization
– Address how networked computers connect/communicate
– Needed to ensure products can work with other products

TCP/IP and Other Communications
Protocols
• TCP/IP
– Most widely used communications protocol
– Consists of two protocols
• Transmission Control Protocols (TCP)
– Responsible for delivery of data
• Internet Protocols (IP)
– Provides addresses and routing information
– identifies how data should be broken into packets,
addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the
destination
– TCP/IP support is built into almost all operating systems and
IP addresses are used to identify computers and devices on
networks
Protocols

Protocols
• Other Protocols
– HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (Secure
Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• Used to display Web pages
– FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• Used to transfer files over the Internet
– SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and POP3 (Post Office
Protocol)
• Used to deliver e-mail over the Internet

Ethernet (802.3)
• Ethernet (802.3)
– Most widely used standard for wired networks
– Typically used with LANs that have a star topology
– Works with twisted-pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic cabling
– Continually evolving
– Most common today are Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet,
and 10 Gigabit Ethernet
– 40 Gigabit Ethernet and 100 Gigabit Ethernet standards
ratified in 2010
– Terabit Ethernet standard is currently under
development
Ethernet (802.3)

Phoneline, Powerline, G.hn, and
Broadband over Powerline (BPL)
• Phoneline
– Allows networking via ordinary
telephone wiring
• Powerline
– Allows networking via ordinary
electrical outlets
– For wired home networks, Phoneline
and Powerline are alternatives to
Ethernet

Phoneline, Powerline, G.hn, and
Broadband over Powerline (BPL)
• G.hn
– A unified world-wide standard for creating home networks
over any existing home wiring—phone lines, power lines,
and coaxial cable
• Broadband over Powerline (BPL)
– Designed to deliver broadband Internet to homes via the
existing outdoor power lines
– Great potential for delivering broadband access to homes
or businesses with access to electricity, but not widely
available

Wi-Fi (802.11)
• Wi-Fi (802.11)
– A family of wireless networking
standards using IEEE standard 802.11
– Current standard for wireless
networks in homes and offices
(wireless Ethernet)
– Built into many everyday
objects
today
– Designed for medium-range
transmission; speed and distance
depends on Wi-Fi standard
being used, solid objects in the
way, interference, etc.
Wi-Fi (802.11)

WiMAX (802.16)
• WiMAX (802.16)
– Standards for longer range wireless networking
connections, typically MANs
– Fixed WiMAX
• Designed to provide Internet access fixed locations
(hotzones)
• Typical hotzone radius is between 2 and 6 miles
• Possible to provide coverage to an entire city by using
multiple WiMAX towers
– Mobile WiMAX
• Mobile version of the standard
WiMAX (802.16)

Cellular Standards
• Cellular Standards
– First Generation
• Analog and voice only
– 2G (Second Generation)
• Digital, both voice and data, faster
– 3G and 4G networks
• Current standards
• Use packet
switching
• 3G speeds are
between 1 and 4
Mbps
Bluetooth, Ultra Wideband (UWB),
and Other Short-Range Wireless
Standards

Networking Hardware
• Network Adapter
– Used to connect a computer to a network
– Also called network interface card (NIC) when in the form
of an expansion card
• Modem
– Device that enables a computer to communicate over
analog networking media
– Term is often used interchangeably with network adapter
– Most computers and mobile devices today come with a
built-in network adapter and/or modem

Networking Hardware

Networking Hardware
• Switch
– Central device that connects devices in a wired network but only
sends data to the intended recipient
– Hub – similar but sends data to all recipients
• Router
– Connects multiple networks: two LANs, two WANS,
LAN and the Internet
– Passes data to intended recipient only
– Routes traffic over the Internet
• Wireless Access Point
– Device used to grant network access to wireless client
devices
Networking Hardware
• Wireless Router
– Typically connects both wired and wireless devices to a
network and to connect the network to the Internet
– Often integrates a switch, router, and wireless access
point
• Bridge
– Used to connect two LANs together
– In a home network, wirelessly connects a wired device to
the network

Networking Hardware

Networking Hardware
• Repeaters
• Amplify signals along a network
• Range Extenders
– Repeaters for a wireless network
• Antennas
– Devices used for receiving or sending radio signals
– Some network adapters can use an external antenna
– Can be directional or omnidirectional
– Strength measured in decibels (dB)

Networking Hardware
• Multiplexer
– Combines transmissions from several different devices to
send them as one message
• Concentrator
– Combines messages and sends them via a single
transmission medium in such a way that all of the
messages are simultaneously active

Networking Hardware

Summary
• Networking Applications
• Network Characteristics
• Data Transmission Characteristics
• Networking Media
• Communications Protocols and Networking Standards
• Networking Hardware

Morley15e - PPT - ch07 REV

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Morley15e - PPT - ch07 REV

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Morley15e - PPT - ch07 REV

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

15th Edition

1. Define a computer network and its purpose.

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 2

5. Name specific types of wired and wireless networking media

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 3

• This chapter covers:

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 4

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 5

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 6

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 7

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 8

• Wired vs. Wireless Networks

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 9

• Network Topologies: Indicate how the devices in the network

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 11

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 12

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 13

2. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networks

• Network Size and Coverage Area

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 15

– Intranets and Extranets

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 16

• Transmission Type and Timing

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 18

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 19

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 20

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 21

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 23

• Wired Networking Media

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 25

• Wireless Networking Media

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 26

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 27

• Frequencies assigned to an application usually consist of a

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 28

• Cellular Radio Transmissions

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 29

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 30

• Microwave and Satellite Transmissions

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 31

– Communication satellites are launched into orbit to send

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 32

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 33

• Infrared (IR) Transmissions

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 34

Advantages of microwaves then we say

Microwaves are used in mobile phones

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 36

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 38

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 39

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 41

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 42

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 43

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 45

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 47

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 49

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 50

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 51

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 53