Computer Networks

Dr. Hamayun khan (PhD)

Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
Superior University, Lahore
[email protected]
Any Question???
From previous lecture
IPv6
OBJECTIVES:
 To discuss the concept of IP version 6.
 To discuss IEEE Extended Unique Identifier (EUI-64) Format
 To discuss different types of Addresses used in IPv6.
IPv6 Basics
 IPv4 is 32 bits IP Address
 Provide roughly 4 billion unique IP addresses
(4,294,967,296)
 IPv6 is 128 bits IP Address
 Provide
(340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456)
 Roughly 50 octillion addresses per person alive on Earth
today
IPv6 offers the following features:
 Increased Address Space and Scalability – providing the absurd number of possible
addresses stated previously.
 Simplified Configuration – allows hosts to auto-configure their IPv6 addresses, based on
network prefixes advertised by routers.
 Integrated Security – provides built-in authentication and encryption into the IPv6
network header
 Compatibility with IPv4 – simplifies address migration, as IPv6 is backward-compatible
with IPv4
IPv6 representation
 Hexadecimal notation
 An example of an IPv6 address:
1254:1532:26B1:CC14:0123:1111:2222:3333

 Each “grouping” (from here on called fields) of

hexadecimal digits is 16 bits, with a total of eight fields.
The hexadecimal values of an IPv6 address are not case-
sensitive.
IPv6 representation…

 We can drop any leading zeros in each field of an

IPv6 address. For example, consider the following
address:
1423:0021:0C13:CC1E:3142:0001:2222:3333
 We can condense this address to
1423:21:C13:CC1E:3142:1:2222:3333
IPv6 representation…

 Only leading zeros can be condensed. If we have an entire

field comprised of zeros, we can further compact the
following address:
F12F:0000:0000:CC1E:2412:1111:2222:3333
 The condensed address would be:
F12F::CC1E:2412:1111:2222:3333

Notice the double colons (::)

IPv6 Prefix
 IPv4 utilizes a subnet mask to define the network “prefix” and “host” portions of an
address. This subnet mask can also be represented in Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR) format.
 IPv6 always use CIDR notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address:
Full Address: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:123:1111:2222:3333/64
Prefix ID: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:
Host ID: 123:1111:2222:3333
 The /64 indicates that the first 64 bits of this address identify the prefix.
IPv6
 Determine the Prefix & Suffix of below IPv6 that always uses CIDR notation to determine
what bits notate the prefix of an address or to host:
Full Address: 1A54:1232:A6B1:CB14:123:1111:1122:3333/32
Prefix ID:?
Host ID: ?
The /32 indicates that the first 32 bits of this address identify the prefix.
IPv6
 Determine the Prefix & Suffix of below IPv6 that always uses CIDR notation to determine
what bits notate the prefix of an address or to host:
Full Address: 1A54:1232:A6B1:CB14:123:1111:1122:3333/48
Prefix ID:?
Host ID: ?
IPv6
 Determine the Condense IPV6 Address and Prefix of below IPv6 that always uses CIDR
notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address or to host:
Full Address: 1423:0021:0C13:CC1E:3142:0001:2222:3333/64

Prefix ID:?
Condense IPV6?
IPv6
 Determine the Condense IPV6 Address and Suffix of below IPv6 that always uses CIDR
notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address or to host:
Full Address: 1423:0021:0C13:CC1E:3142:0001:2222:3333/64

Prefix ID:?
Host ID: ?
Condense IPV6?
IPv6
 Determine the Condense IPV6 Address and Suffix of below IPv6 that always uses CIDR
notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address or to host:
Full Address: 1423:0021:0C13:CC1E:3142:0001:2222:3333/64

Prefix ID:?
Host ID: ?
Condense IPV6?
IPv6 Prefix
 IPv4 utilizes a subnet mask to define the network “prefix” and “host” portions of an
address. This subnet mask can also be represented in Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR) format.
 IPv6 always use CIDR notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address:
Full Address: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:123:1111:2222:3333/64
Prefix ID: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:
Host ID: 123:1111:2222:3333
 The /64 indicates that the first 64 bits of this address identify the prefix.
IPv6 Prefix
 IPv4 utilizes a subnet mask to define the network “prefix” and “host” portions of an
address. This subnet mask can also be represented in Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR) format.
 IPv6 always use CIDR notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address:
Full Address: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:123:1111:2222:3333/64
Prefix ID: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:
Host ID: 123:1111:2222:3333
 The /64 indicates that the first 64 bits of this address identify the prefix.
IPv6 Prefix
 IPv4 utilizes a subnet mask to define the network “prefix” and “host” portions of an
address. This subnet mask can also be represented in Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR) format.
 IPv6 always use CIDR notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address:
Full Address: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:123:1111:2222:3333/64
Prefix ID: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:
Host ID: 123:1111:2222:3333
 The /64 indicates that the first 64 bits of this address identify the prefix.
Types of IPv6 Addresses
 Special Addresses – addresses begin 00xx:
 Link Local – addresses begin FE8x:
 Site Local – addresses begin FECx:
 Aggregate Global – addresses begin 2xxx: or 3xxx:
 Multicasts – addresses begin FFxx:
 Anycasts
Special Addresses – addresses begin
00xx:
 Always begin 00xx.
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 (or ::)
 – is an unspecified or unknown address. It is the equivalent of the IPv4 0.0.0.0 address,
which indicates the absence of a configured or assigned address. In routing tables, the
unspecified address is used to identify all or any possible hosts or networks.
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (or ::1)
 – is the loopback or localhost address. It is the equivalent of the IPv4 127.0.0.1 address.
Link Local – addresses begin FE8x:

 Link-local IPv6 addresses are used only on a single link

(subnet).
 Link-local addresses are unicasts.
 Format of a link-local address:
 The first 10 bits are fixed (FE8), known as the Format Prefix (FP).
 The next 54 bits are set to 0.
 The final 64 bits are used as the interface ID.

FE80::1311:22FF:FE22:3333/10
Site Local – addresses begin FECx:

 Equivalent of “private” IPv4 addresses.

 Site-local addresses can be routed within a site or organization, but cannot be globally routed
on the Internet.
 Site-local addresses are unicasts.
 Format:
 The first 10 bits are the fixed FP (FEC).
 The next 38 bits are set to 0.
 The next 16 bits are used to identify the private subnet ID.
 The final 64 bits are used as the interface ID.

FEC0::2731:E2FF:FE96:C283/64
Aggregate Global – addresses begin
2xxx: or 3xxx:
 Equivalent of “public” IPv4 addresses.
 Aggregate global addresses can be routed
publicly on the Internet.
 Aggregate global addresses are unicasts.
Multicasts – addresses begin FFxx:

 Equivalent of IPv4 multicast addresses.

 The full multicast range is FF00 through
FFFF.
Anycasts Addresses
 Anycast addresses identify a group of interfaces on
multiple hosts. Thus, multiple hosts are configured
with an identical address.
 Packets sent to an anycast address are sent to the
nearest (i.e., least amount of hops) host.
 Anycasts are indistinguishable from any other
IPv6 unicast address.
What were the goals of a
new IP design?

 Expectation of a resurgence of “always-on” technologies

 xDSL, cable, Ethernet-to-the-home, Cell-phones, etc.
 Expectation of new users with multiple devices.
 China, India, etc. as new growth
 Consumer appliances as network devices
 (1015 endpoints)

 Expectation of millions of new networks.

 Expanded competition and structured delegation.
 (1012 sites)
Return to an End-to-End Architecture

New Technologies/Applications for Home Users

‘Always-on’—Cable, DSL, Ethernet@home, Wireless,…

Always-on Devices Need an

Address When You Call
Them

Global
Addressing
Realm
Benefits of 128 bit Addresses

 Room for many levels of structured hierarchy and routing

aggregation
 Easy address auto-configuration
 Easier address management and delegation than IPv4
 Ability to deploy end-to-end IPsec
(NATs removed as unnecessary)
Incidental Benefits of New Deployment

 Chance to eliminate some complexity in IP header

 improve per-hop processing
 Chance to upgrade functionality
 multicast, QoS, mobility
 Chance to include new features
 binding updates
 Summary of Main IPv6 Benefits
 Expanded addressing capabilities
 Structured hierarchy to manage routing table growth
 Serverless autoconfiguration and reconfiguration
 Streamlined header format and flow identification
 Improved support for options / extensions
 IPv6 Markets

 Home Networking
 Set-top box/Cable/xDSL/Ether@Home
 Residential Voice over IP gateway
 Gaming (10B$ market)
 Sony, Sega, Nintendo, Microsoft
 Mobile devices
 Consumer PC
 Consumer Devices
 Sony (Mar/01 - …energetically introducing IPv6 technology into hardware products …)

 Enterprise PC
 Service Providers
 Regional ISP, Carriers, Mobile ISP, and Greenfield ISP’s
IPv6 Markets

 Academic NRN:
 Internet-II (Abilene, vBNS+), Canarie*3, Renater-II, Surfnet, DFN, CERNET,…
6REN/6TAP
 Geographies & Politics:
 Prime Minister of Japan called for IPv6 (taxes reduction)
 EEC summit PR advertised IPv6 as the way to go for Europe
 China Vice minister of MII deploying IPv6 with the intent to take a leadership position and
create a market force
 Wireless (PDA, Mobile, Car,...):
 Multiple phases before deployment
 RFP -> Integration -> trial -> commercial
 Requires ‘client devices’, eg. IPv6 handset ?
 Outline

 Protocol Background
 Technology Highlights
 Enhanced Capabilities
 Transition Issues
 Next Steps
THANKS