INTRODUCTION TO

MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
Subject: 22ESC144
Role of Mechanical engineer in industries
& society
• Analyze problems to see how mechanical and thermal devices might
help solve a particular problem
• Design or redesign mechanical and thermal devices or subsystems,
using analysis and computer-aided design
• Develop and test prototypes of devices they design
• Analyze the test results and change the design or system as needed
• Oversee the manufacturing process for the device
Role of Mechanical engineer in industries
& society
• Design Engineer
• Manufacturing / Production Manager
• Safety Engineer
• QA Engineer
• Logistic Manager
• Data analyst
• Sales Executive
• Customer Service etc
Role of Mechanical Engineer in Industry
and Society
• Aerospace: Aerospace engineers are all about planes, missiles or
rockets. They design more fuel-efficient aircraft that cut emissions.
• They design the aircrafts to reduce the weight and increase the fuel
efficiency.
Role of Mechanical Engineer in Industry
and Society
• Automotive: Automotive research engineers focus on the
development of passenger cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles or off-road
vehicles.
• They design new products, modify existing ones, troubleshoot, and
solve engineering problems.
Role of Mechanical Engineer in Industry
and Society
• Biomedical: Working in the biomedical industry, mechanical
engineers create better, more life like artificial limbs to improve
quality of life for injured and disabled people.
• Pacemakers, artificial valves and even robotic surgical assistants are
all the work of mechanical engineers, as are the running blades used
at Paralympic events.
Role of Mechanical Engineer in Industry
and Society
• Heat engineering, also known as heat transfer or thermal sciences, is
an academic specialty of mechanical engineering.
• Heating and cooling systems engineers develop environmental
systems (systems that keep temperatures and humidity within certain
limits) for airplanes, trains, cars, computer rooms, and buildings.
Role of Mechanical Engineer in Industry
and Society
• Manufacturing : Mechanical engineers make manufacturing happen.
• Whether it’s high-volume, mass-produced goods, or specialist, ultra-
tech equipment, they create the machines and technology that design
and produce the goods our growing population relies on.
Role of Mechanical Engineer in Industry
and Society
• Power: The work of mechanical engineers powers the world.
• Their work is to generate and deliver the energy we need.
• This could mean designing nuclear power plants or biomass boilers,
planning new long-distance grid connections, or storing power
sustainably in solar storage cells .
• Mechanical engineers design power-producing machines, such as
electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas
turbines.
Role of Mechanical Engineer in Industry
and Society
• Process: Process engineers specialize in improving the way we do
things. They assess mechanical processes and find ways to make them
more efficient, safer, and deliver better quality.
• This means they directly affect almost every major mechanical
industry in the world, from water supply and oil & gas through to
pharmaceuticals and food manufacturing.
• They also design material-handling systems, such as conveyor systems
and automated transfer stations.
Role of Mechanical Engineer in Industry
and Society
• Robotics Engineers: A robotics engineer is a behind-the-scenes
designer, who is responsible for creating robots and robotic systems
that are able to perform duties that humans are either unable or
prefer not to complete.
Role of Mechanical Engineer in Industry
and Society
• Materials Engineers: Materials engineers attempt to solve problems
in several different engineering fields, such as mechanical, chemical,
electrical, civil, nuclear, and aerospace.
• They do this by developing, processing, and testing materials in order
to create new materials that meet certain mechanical, electrical, and
chemical requirements.
Emerging trends & technologies in Energy
sector
• Decarbonization indicates a transition towards a clean and carbon-
free economy by integrating and increasing the share of renewable
energy sources.
• A significant rise in the share of electric mobility and higher taxes on
the use of fossil fuels are ways to decarbonize.
Emerging trends & technologies in Energy
sector
• Decentralization refers to geographically distributed electricity with a
large number of multi-level producers and consumers.
• Some regions today generate electricity independently, even though
they are not yet connected to the distribution networks.
• Besides, decentralization enables lower energy intensity and provides
opportunities for utilizing renewable sources of energy.
Emerging trends & technologies in Energy
sector
• Digitization implies the widespread use of digital machines and
devices at all levels of the power system, from production and
infrastructure to end-user devices.
• Energy 4.0, as it is known, enables the industry to implement
intelligent energy and power management solutions based on
machine-to-machine and machine-human interactions.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Manufacturing Sector
• Companies made swift moves towards Industry 4.0, or the ongoing
automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices.
• There is no time to waste: manufacturers looking to stay competitive
need to serve their customers in new ways; become more agile and
flexible; and attract the right skills and talent.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Manufacturing Sector
• Move to localization: As Covid-19 continues to shut down
international borders and dampen business travel, companies will
focus on balancing localized and globalized business options in order
to stay competitive.
• Optimizing and strengthening these supply chains will present viable
opportunities for emerging countries to advance their economies and
stay competitive.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Manufacturing Sector
• Shift To the Edge:
• Agility will be critical in the post-pandemic era.
• For example, cobots, or collaborative robots, require manufacturers
to become better equipped to respond to changing situations, since
cobots make real-time, complex decisions during the task they work
on with humans.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Manufacturing Sector
• Surge in 3D Printing:
• Inventors are combining 3D printing with traditional processes
creating unique combinations of parts that perform better with lower
cost that can be manufactured closer to the customer, all while being
more sustainable.
• The application of advanced manufacturing technologies, including
3D printing and other digital processes, will enable the most
advanced products to enter the market .
Emerging trends & technologies in
Manufacturing Sector
• Supportive IT Infrastructure:
• Organizations need to prepare their IT infrastructure to support and
speed-up digital transformation leading manufacturers to industry
4.0, particularly in the middle market.
• In traditional IT, the interface with production is restricted to the
provision of services and data, engineering and the necessary
enterprise resource planning and product data management systems.
• New technologies such as IoT are revolutionizing machinery, which
need to be able to communicate with each other cost-effectively.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Manufacturing Sector
• Human-Centered AI Artificial intelligence will be the standard for
addressing these challenges, but AI will fail if companies don’t
consider how humans interact with and leverage these new
autonomous systems.
• Enterprises will take a human-centered approach to AI initiatives,
understanding user needs and values, then adapting AI designs and
models accordingly, which will in turn, improve adoption
Emerging trends & technologies in
Automobile sector
• Digital marketing and sales :The COVID-19 outbreak made us give up
many habits but also gave rise to new trends.
• Automotive companies have moved towards providing a digital
platform, which makes way for an immersive and seamless digital
experience using virtual and augmented reality.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Automobile sector
• Biometric Seat Technology : Biometric Seat works through a series of
highly reactive sensors which are able to monitor the driver’s
breathing rate, heart rate and body temperature.
• By using this information, the car can send out warnings if it calculates
that the driver is too stressed or tense to be behind the wheel.
• These sensors are located in the steering wheel and seat belts, which
triggers automatic speed limit, audio warning, and ability to dial the
emergency services
Emerging trends & technologies in
Automobile sector
• Firmware Over the Air (FOTA) Update FOTA, or firmware over-the-air,
is a technology that enables firmware downloads and updates for
specific electronic control units (ECUs) inside a car.
• As the number of ECUs in vehicles increases, the sharing of diagnostic
and operational data from on-board systems and components
reduces costs of car manufacturers, increases product quality and
operational efficiency, as well as deliver post-sale vehicle performance
and feature enhancements.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Automobile sector
• Predictive Maintenance
• Predictive maintenance is essentially a technique of collecting data
through tools to predict possible defects in an automotive device
before it fails. Predictive maintenance is fueled by artificial
intelligence and machine learning.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Automobile sector
• Vehicles as IoT Devices
• Vehicles have been connected for years, in ways that seem routine
until now.
• They seamlessly link to smartphones, register real-time traffic alerts,
stream playlists, and offer emergency roadside assistance at the touch
of a button.
• Indeed, in the early days of the Internet, automakers started
connecting vehicles with information streams.
• When it comes to connecting drivers and technology, the auto
industry has a longer and richer track record than any other sector.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Automobile sector
• Advanced Motor Control: Modern vehicles are loaded with dedicated
motor-control systems that drive all types of fans, pumps,
compressors, and servomechanisms.
• Increased desire for maximum efficiency and control has led
engineers to move beyond traditional scalar control systems to more
sophisticated digital vector control algorithms capable of delivering
full torque with acceleration and deceleration at precisely
manageable rates.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Automobile sector
• Smart Parking The smart parking industry is continuously evolving as
an increasing number of cities struggle with traffic congestion and
insufficient parking availability.
• The IoT system of communicative devices enables drivers looking for
parking spaces to see, in real time, if and where there are vacant
spaces.
• Developing from a system in which drivers can arrive at multi-story
parking lots and see red or green lights above the spaces, recent IoT
technology has even more potential.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Aerospace sector
1. Reduce Flight Costs and Emissions through Electric and Hybrid
Engines
• Aerospace thought leaders are highlighting the need to preserve the
environment and follow regulations, while boosting the performance
of aircraft engines.
• In other words, aircraft engines need to output more power while
consuming less fuel, producing less noise and releasing less emissions.
To achieve this goal, the aerospace industry is enhancing the
efficiency of combustion engines, while also exploring electric and
hybrid propulsion systems.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Aerospace sector
2. Autonomous Flight Systems Will Be the Future of the Aerospace
Industry
• To develop fully autonomous aircraft, engineers will need to perform
closed-loop simulations between the sensors, control software and
intelligent algorithms.
• Virtual realities and multi physics simulation will be the only ways to
test these autonomous flight systems to react to all possible
situations in a reasonable timeframe.
Emerging trends & technologies in
Aerospace sector
3. MRO (Maintenance, Repair and Operation) of New Aviation
Technology Will Rely on Simulated Data
• This data are used by engineers to better understand, and predict, how
systems are performing.
• Predictive maintenance is already bringing big savings to the industry.
However, these predictions are less effective at predicting the behavior
of new technologies because they are based on historical data.
• The aviation industry cannot wait for 10 years of data to implement
predictive maintenance tools for the next generation of flight systems.
The solution is to use data from simulated failures to fill in the gap
Emerging trends & technologies in
Aerospace sector
4. Additive Manufacturing Consolidates and Lightweights
• Aerospace Parts Additive manufacturing is another trend that is flying through in the
aerospace industry. In fact, additive manufacturing of metal parts is of particular
interest to many engineers.
• These engineers are starting to realize that additive manufacturing — coupled with
topology optimization — offers more to the aerospace industry than lighter parts.
• They can also consolidate parts By consolidating parts, engineers will cut assembly
costs and time.
• These fewer, lighter parts will also simplify maintenance and save on fuel.
• Additive manufacturing also gives aerospace manufacturers the freedom to produce
parts on demand.
• This will make the supply chain more efficient
Emerging trends & technologies in Marine
sector
1. Digital sensoring The technology for monitoring ship operations and
performance has been steadily increasing in its sophistication.
• Ships of the future will have a complete network of sensors to
measure all aspects of operations, including detecting faults and
identifying areas needing maintenance or repair.
• Allied to this, increasingly powerful ship to shore communications will
mean that most aspects of the ship’s operation can be controlled by a
land-based team of fleet managers.
Emerging trends & technologies in Marine
sector
2. Bigger megaships Improvements in ship technology, structure and
materials will lead to even bigger megaships, particularly within the
container shipping industry.
Emerging trends & technologies in Marine
sector
3. Greener shipping There is constant pressure to reduce the carbon
footprint of the world’s shipping fleets, and this will only increase into
the future.
• A whole host of technologies are being explored including low carbon
fuels, more streamlined hulls, more efficient propeller design,
improved voyage planning to make savings on fuels, better hull
coatings and even air cushions to reduce friction.
Emerging trends & technologies in Marine
sector
4. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) as fuel There is growing interest in the
potential of LNG as a fuel for commercial shipping.
• Those who support LNG believe it can help operators to meet their
targets for reduced emissions, while also being competitive on price.
• CO2 emissions can be reduced by up to 25% when compared with
diesel engines.
• While conventional oil-based fuels will continue to dominate in the
near future, there is likely to be increased adoption of LNG for
specialist vessels, which gives an opportunity for the technology to be
proved and developed on a larger scale
Emerging trends & technologies in Marine
sector
5. Solar and wind power for ships The shipping industry is exploring
renewable energy to power the fleets of the future.
• Some of this technology is already being trialed and tested.
What is Energy?

Energy is the capacity to do work

 Types of
energy
There are two main types of energy
Potential energy Kinetic energy
 Potential energy
• The stored up energy which has the
potential to do work is called potential
energy.
 Examples of Potential Energy

Stretching a rubber band..

-Stores energy

Water at the top of a waterfall..

-Stores energy

Yo–Yo in held in your hand..

-Stores energy because of position

Drawing a Bow…
-Stores energy because of position
 Potential Energy
• When the position of an object is altered it, creates
Potential Energy.
• A yo-yo on the table, doesn’t have energy, but when picked up,
it alters its position and now it has the ability (or potential) to
do work.
• A bow doesn’t have the capacity to do work, unless it’s
held at an elevated position.
 Kinetic Energy
• Every moving object has energy. The
energy that a body gets because of its
motion is called kinetic energy.
 Definition of Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion.

Measured by: 2
KE= ½ (Mass) (Velocity)

Kinetic energy is calculated by one half of the

object’s mass, multiplied by the object’s speed-
squared.
 Examples of Kinetic Energy

• Shooting a rubber
band.
• Water falling over the
fall.
• A Yo-Yo in motion.
• Releasing the arrow
from the bow.
?
 Conversion of Energy

Potential Energy gets converted to Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy Converted to Kinetic Energy

When stored energy begins to move, the object now transfers from
potential energy into kinetic energy.

Standing still Running

Common Examples
 Forms of energy

Heat Light Sound

Magnetic Electricity Chemical

 Transformation of energy
• Energy can neither be created or
destroyed.
• It can be converted from one form into
another.
– Kinetic energy is converted into heat energy.
– Potential energy is converted to kinetic
energy
– Chemical energy to Heat energy
• It can be stored
 Sources of energy

• Biggest source of energy is our Sun

• Some other sources are
– Coal
– Wood
– Wind
Primary Sources of Energy
– Water
– Food
– Electricity Secondary Sources of Energy
 Uses of Energy Sources
Sun

Electricity

Coal

Water Transportation

Oi
l
Cooking
Gas
 The solar cell
• A solar cell is made using thin disc made of pure silicon
• Solar energy is converted into electricity in the solar cell
 Green energy
• Biogas
– Cow dung , plant refuse etc. are used as
energy sources in gobar (dung) gas or bio gas
plants
Wind power
 Sources of energy
• Conventional sources • Non- conventional sources
– Coal – Solar
– Oil – Wind
– Gas – Agricultural waste
– Forestry waste
• These sources of energy are being used as fuel
for very long time – Biofuel
• They are known as conventional sources of • These sources have not been
energy traditionally used as Energy source
• However, these sources will always be
available in nature and are renewable
Hence it is best to use non-
• conventional sources
Example Hydro-electric power project
• located at Koyna dam in Maharashtra
 Renewable & Non-renewable energy source

Both conventional and non-conventional sources are reclassified

as Renewable and non-renewable energy sources
Renewable energy source is defined as the energy resources
which are produced continuously in nature and are essentially
inexhaustible.
• Solar Energy
• Wind energy
• Hydro Energy
Non-renewable energy sources are defined as the energy
resources which have been accumulated over the ages and not
quickly replenishable when they are exhausted.
• Fossil fuels
• Nuclear fuels
• Heat traps
Comparison between Renewable & Non – Renewable Energy
sources:

Sl. No. Renewable Energy sources: Non – Renewable Energy sources:

These are in-exhaustible.

These are exhaustible.
01 Example Solar energy, Wind energy,
Example coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.
etc.

Freely available in nature and Not freely available and also not environment
02
environment friendly. friendly.

They are continuously restored by These sources once used cannot be recovered
03
nature after utilization. any more.

Initial cost for utilizing these sources

04 Both initial and maintenance costs are high.
is high but maintenance cost is low.
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
These are called conventional because these are being
used for several decades.
•Fossil fuels such as Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas,
•Hydel sources.

Nuclear fuels also used to produce energy since long, but

it has inherent hazardous nature and also cost of
production is high
NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
Non-conventional energy sources: These are being used since
few decades and also the technology is not yet perfected.
Hence these are called non-conventional energy sources or
alternate energy sources. These are inexhaustible.
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Tidal energy
• Bio-fuel energy
• Fuel cells
• Solid wastes
 CLASSIFICATION OF FUELS

Occurrence and State of existence

preparation

Natural or Artificial or
Primary fuels Secondary fuels

Solid fuels Liquid fuels Gaseous fuels

• Natural Fuels: They are found in nature . The examples of natural
fuels include wood, peat, lignite, coal petroleum and natural gas.

• Artificial Fuels: They are prepared from natural fuels. The examples of
the artificial fuels are charcoal, coke, kerosene, diesel, petrol, coal gas,
producer gas, blast furnace gas, etc.
Solid Fuels
• The solid fuels refers to those solid materials that are used as fuel in
order to produce energy.
• The solid fuels that occur in nature are wood, peat, lignite and coal.
• The prepared solid fuels are charcoal, coke, briquetted coal and
pulverised coal.
• Calorific Value: The energy contained in a fuel or food, determined by
measuring the heat produced by the complete combustion of a
specified quantity of it. This is now usually expressed in joules per
kilogram.
Carbon 50%
Hydrogen 6%
Oxygen 43%
Ash 1%
Carbon 57%
Hydrogen 6%
Oxygen 35%
Ash 2%
Found in Nilgiri and Palani Hills in
South India
Carbon 25% - 30%
Moisture 66%
Content
Ash 6% - 19%
Found in Assam, Kashmir, Rajasthan
and Neyveli
Carbon 92% - 98%
(Anthracite)
Found in Kashmir and Eastern
Himalayas
Carbon 75% - 90%
(Bituminous)
Found in Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya
Pradesh and Orissa.
Coke
Liquid Fuels
• They are available in nature in the form of crude petroleum.
• They are discharged through wells which are drilled in likely places.
• Crude petroleum is refined by distillation, number of oils of different
grades such as petrol, kerosene or paraffin oil, diesel oil come off and
leave finally a thick residue.
• The artificial liquid fuels obtained from coal are coal tar, benzol etc.
Petroleum Based liquids
• It includes Gasoline (petrol), Kerosene and Diesel oil.
• Petrol: Also known as gasoline.
• It is produced in oil refineries.
• It consists of mainly organic compounds which is obtained by the
fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with different additives
like antiknock compounds (aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers and
alcohol) and corrosion binders.
• Kerosene:
• It is also known as paraffin oil. It is combustible hydrocarbon liquid
which is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum
between and .
• It is heavier and less volatile fuel than petrol.

• Diesel oil:
• It is obtained after petrol and kerosene are obtained during
distillation. It is used in Diesel cycle engines.
Non- Petroleum Based liquid fuels
• Alcohol: It is an artificial liquid fuel that is produced by the fermentation of
vegetable matters such as potatoes, beet, etc.
• The energy content of alcohol is low.
• Most common alcohols are Methanol (Methyl Alcohol), Ethanol (Ethyl
Alcohol) and Butanol.
• Ethanol can be used as a fuel in combination with gasoline in the ratio of 9:1.
(Gasoline:Ethanol) to help reduce the environmental effects of gasoline.
• Ethanol is used in industries and also finds its use in perfume and cosmetics.
• Alcohol is generally costlier than gasoline.
Gaseous Fuels
• The gaseous fuels occur in nature as natural gas near the petroleum
fields under the earth’s surface.
• The artificial gases that are produced are coal gas, producer gas,
water gas, mond gas, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas and sewer gas.
Natural gas
• Natural gas is a fossil fuel found in or near the petroleum field under earth's
surface.
• It consists of methane together with small amounts of other gases such as
ethane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
• Natural gas is one of the safest and cleanest fuels available which emits less
pollution than other fossil fuels.
• Upon burning, natural gas produces mostly carbon dioxide and water
vapour.
• Natural gas is a non-renewable energy resource mostly used for cooking,
heating, generation of electricity, as fuel for vehicles and as a chemical
feedstock in plastics manufacture and organic chemicals.
Coal gas
• Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel which is obtained by the
carbonization (destructive distillation) of bituminous coal in the
absence of air at 1300°C and it consists of mainly hydrogen, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane.
• To increase the yield of the coal gas, steam is added to react with hot
coke.
• The by-products obtained are coke and coal tar, It is used in gas
engines and also for lighting applications.
Producer gas
• Producer gas is a mixture of flammable gases such as carbon
monoxide & oxygen and non- flammable gases such as carbon dioxide
and nitrogen which is obtained by the partial combustion of coal, or
coke, in a medium air-steam blast.
• It has a lower heating value compared to other gaseous fuels.
• It is used in glass melting and power generation.
• It is also used as a fuel in large industrial furnaces.
• Producer gas containing hydrogen is a source material in the
manufacture of synthetic ammonia.
Water gas
• Water gas is a synthesis gas which contains carbon monoxide and
hydrogen and is obtained by passing steam over the incandescent
coke.
• The endothermic reaction between steam and hydrocarbons produce
the gas mixture.
• It is flammable and requires careful handling.
• It is used in furnaces and in welding.
Mond gas
• Mond gas is produced by passing air and large amount of steam over
waste coal at around 650°C.
• Mond gas consists of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, carbon
dioxide and nitrogen.
• It is used in gas engines, for heating applications and power
generation.
Blast furnace gas
• Blast furnace gas is obtained as a by-product in the production of pig
iron in the blast furnace.
• It has a low calorific value and contains nitrogen, carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide and some amount of oxygen.
• It is used in boilers, power plants, in steel works and gas engines. But
this gas is toxic in nature.
Coke oven gas
• Coke oven gas is obtained by the carbonization of bituminous coal in
an oven at around C to C in the absence of air.
• It has a medium calorific value and it contains 50% hydrogen, 30%
methane, 7% each of carbon monoxide and nitrogen, 3% each of
carbon dioxide and higher hydrocarbons Coke oven gas is toxic in
nature and can explode.
• It is used for industrial heating. It is also used as a raw material for the
synthesis of ammonia.
Sewer gas
• Sewer gas is a complex mixture of toxic and nontoxic gases which are
produced and collected in sewage systems by the decomposition of
organic household or industrial wastes.
• Methane is the principal constituent in Sewer gas.
• Though toxic in nature and causes harmful effects on health, the
sewer gas can be used as a power source by piping it into a cleaning
system and then used as a fuel to power a generator or combined
heat and power (CHP) plant.
Properties of Fuels
• Fuel must release large amount of heat energy/ high calorific value.
• Combustion must be controllable.
• Fuel must not be toxic and chemically explosive.
• Must not corrode storage container.
• No harmful odour.
• Easy to transport to desired point of use.
• Convenient to store and safe to use and handle.
• Low moisture content
 Fuel combustion
An exothermic chemical reaction between the fuel and an oxidizer
that produces energy in the form of heat and light
FUEL + OXIDIZER COMBUSTION PRODUCTS + HEAT ENERGY

Reactants

Air Fuel Ratio:

Weak Mixture
Rich Mixture

Stoichiometric mixture
 PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION

Carbon Dioxide – principal combustion product accounts

for 60% to 90% of mass of fuels burnt
Carbon Monoxide – colourless and odourless – produced
by incomplete burning of carbon
Water – formed in the form of steam
Sulphur Dioxide – formed from fuel containing Sulphur –
coal, oil
Nitrogen Oxides – formed when fuel burnt at high
temperatures - NO2 and NO
Lead and particulate matter – soot, dust, dirt
Hydel Power Plant
Hydel Power Plant
• In hydroelectric power plants the potential energy of water due to its
high location is converted into electrical energy.
• The total power generation capacity of the hydroelectric power plants
depends on the head of water and volume of water flowing towards
the water turbine
Construction & Working Principle of
Hydroelectric power plant
✓ Hydel System Consists of Dam. Reservoir, Surge tank, Penstock,
Turbine, draft tube
✓ The potential energy of water stored at a height is converted into
mechanical energy in water turbine.
✓ An impoundment is simply a dam that holds water in a reservoir.
✓ The water is released when needed through a penstock, to drive the
turbine .
✓ The flowing water causes the turbine to rotate, converting the
water’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy.
Construction & Working Principle of
Hydroelectric power plant
✓ The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into
electric energy using a turbine generator.
✓ The mechanical energy produced by the water turbine is converted
into electrical energy.
✓ After doing useful work water is discharged from the turbine to the
river through a water to the tail race through a draft tube.
Thermal Power Plant
Thermal Power Plant
• A thermal power generation plant or thermal power station is the
most conventional source of electric power.
• The thermal power plant is also referred to as a coal thermal power
plant and steam turbine power plant.
• Construction: A typical power plant has these things in common, a
boiler (to generate steam), a turbine( for expansion and power
generation), a condenser (to condense the steam expanded in the
turbine) and lastly the pump.
• Apart from these there are other components like the cooling tower,
Air pre-heater , super heater etc.
Working Principle
• First, the pulverized coal is burnt into the furnace of steam boiler.
• High-pressure steam is produced in the boiler.
• This steam is then passed through the super heater, where it further
heated up.
• This super heated steam is then entered into a turbine at high speed.
• In turbine, this steam force rotates the turbine blades that means
here in the turbine the stored potential energy of the high pressured
steam is converted into mechanical energy
Working Principle
• After rotating the turbine blades, the steam has lost its high pressure,
passes out of turbine blades, and enters into a condenser.
• In the condenser, the cold water is circulated with help of a pump
which condenses the low-pressure wet steam.
• This condensed water is then further supplied to a low-pressure water
heater where the low-pressure steam increases the temperature of
this feed water, it is then again heated in a high-pressure heater
where the high pressure of steam is used for heating.
• The turbine in the thermal power station acts as a prime mover of the
alternator.
Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fussion
Nuclear Fuel -Uranium
• Uranium is the fuel most widely used by nuclear plants for nuclear
fission.
• Uranium is considered a non-renewable energy source, even though it
is a common metal found in rocks worldwide.
• Nuclear power plants use a certain kind of uranium, referred to as U-
235, for fuel because its atoms are easily split apart.
Working Principle
• Nuclear energy is the energy released during nuclear fission or fusion,
especially when used to generate electricity.
• Nuclear fuel is any material that can be consumed to derive nuclear
energy.
• The most common type of nuclear fuel is fissile elements that can be
made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear reactor.
The most common nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu.
Components
• NUCLEAR REACTOR:- A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear
chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady
rate,
• Nuclear Bomb, is in which the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a
second and is uncontrolled causing an explosion.
• CONTROL RODS: - Control rods made of a material that absorbs
neutrons are inserted into the bundle using a mechanism that can rise
or lower the control rods.
• The control rod essentially contain neutron absorbers like, boron,
silver, cadmium or indium.
Components
• STEAM GENERATORS: - Steam generators are heat exchangers used to
convert water into steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor
core.
• STEAM TURBINE: - A steam turbine is a mechanical device that
extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into
useful mechanical.
• CONDENSER: - Condenser is a device or unit which is used to
condense vapor into liquid.
• COOLING TOWER: - Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to
transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere.
Working of Nuclear reactors
• A nuclear reactor is driven by the splitting of atoms, a process called
fission, where a particle (a ‘neutron’) is fired at an atom, which then
fissions into two smaller atoms and some additional neutrons.
• Some of the neutrons that are released then hit other atoms, causing
them to fission too and release more neutrons. This is called a chain
reaction.
• The fissioning of atoms in the chain reaction also releases a large
amount of energy as heat.
Working of Nuclear reactors
• The generated heat is removed from the reactor by a circulating fluid,
typically water.
• This heat can then be used to generate steam, which drives turbines
for electricity production.
• In order to ensure the nuclear reaction takes place at the right speed,
reactors have systems that accelerate, slow or shut down the nuclear
reaction, and the heat it produces.
• This is normally done with control rods, which typically are made out
of neutron absorbing materials such as silver and boron.
Wind
Wind Power
• Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to provide
the mechanical power to turn electric generators.
• Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is plentiful,
renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas
emissions during operation, consumes no water, and uses little land.
Wind Power
• Winds arise primarily from temperature difference of the earth’s
surface resulting from unequal exposure to (or absorption of) solar
radiation. Wind possesses kinetic energy.
• The kinetic energy of wind can be converted into mechanical energy
that can be utilized to perform useful work or to generate electricity.
Working of wind turbine
• Wind (moving air that contains kinetic energy) blows toward the
turbine's rotor blades.
• The rotors spin around, capturing some of the kinetic energy from the
wind, and turning the central drive shaft that supports them.
Although the outer edges of the rotor blades move very fast, the
central axle (drive shaft) they're connected to turns quite slowly.
• In most large modern turbines, the rotor blades can swivel on the hub
at the front so they meet the wind at the best angle (or "pitch") for
harvesting energy.
Working of wind turbine
• Inside the nacelle (the main body of the turbine sitting on top of the
tower and behind the blades), the gearbox converts the low-speed
rotation of the drive shaft (perhaps, 16 revolutions per minute, rpm)
into high-speed (perhaps, 1600 rpm) rotation fast enough to drive the
generator efficiently.
• The generator, immediately behind the gearbox, takes kinetic energy
from the spinning drive shaft and turns it into electrical energy.
Running at maximum capacity, a typical 2MW turbine generator will
produce 2 million watts of power at about 700 volts
Tidal Power
• Tide or wave is periodic rise and fall of water level of the sea.
• Tides occur due to the attraction of sea water by the moon.
• Tides contain large amount of potential energy which is used for
power generation.
• When the water is above the mean sea level, it is called flood tide.
• When the water level is below the mean level it is called ebb tide.
Tidal Power
• The ocean tides rise and fall and water can be stored during the rise
period and it can be discharged during fall.
• A dam is constructed separating the tidal basin from the sea and a
difference in water level is obtained between the basin and sea.
• During high tide period, water flows from the sea into the tidal basin
through the water turbine.
• The height of tide is above that of tidal basin.
• Hence the turbine unit operates and generates power, as it is directly
coupled to a generator.
Tidal Power
• During low tide period, water flows from tidal basin to sea, as the
water level in the basin is more than that of the tide in the sea.
• During this period also, the flowing water rotates the turbine and
generator power.
• The generation of power stops only when the sea level and the tidal
basin level are equal.
• For the generation of power economically using this source of energy
requires some minimum tide height and suitable site
Advantages of tidal power plants
• It is free from pollution as it does not use any fuel.
• It is superior to hydro-power plant as it is totally independent of rain.
• It improves the possibility of fish farming in the tidal basins and it can
provide recreation to visitors and holiday makers.
Disadvantages
• Tidal power plants can be developed only if natural sites are available
on the bay.
• As the sites are available on the bays which are always far away from
load centers, the power generated has to be transmitted to long
distances.
• This increases the transmission cost and transmission losses.
Solar Power
• Solar Radiation
Radiant energy emitted by the sun, particularly electromagnetic energy
• Solar Power
Power obtained by harnessing energy given out by sun’s rays
Solar Constant
• It is the quantity of radiation solar energy received at the outer layer
of earth’s atmosphere that has a mean value of 1360 watts per square
meter.
• The amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit
area.
SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION
Heliochemical Process
Helioelectrical Process
Heliothermal Process
HELIOCHEMICAL PROCESS
• It is a photosynthesis process which is the source of all fossil fuels and
food
• Photosynthesis – a form of biological conversion of solar energy into
chemical energy called bioenergy which will be stored in plants.
• Most efficient energy plants – sugarcane – capture and store energy
in new plant matter only 3 to 4% of the energy in sunshine.
• Photosynthetic conversion efficiencies averaged over year ranges
from 0.5 to 1.3% in temperature zones and 0.5 to 2.4% in the sun
tropics.
HELIOELECTRICAL PROCESS
• Using principle of photovoltaic effect - solar energy is directly
converted into electrical energy.
• Applications - Portable power supplies, Water pumping, Electric
fences.
• Most significant application – power for space vehicles
Semiconductors have high capability of generating electric power at a
sufficiently high level.
• Semiconductors have the capability of generating sufficient high
power such as germanium, silicon, cadmium sulphide, gallium
arsenide.
SOLAR CELL
SOLAR CELL
• Photovoltaic directly convert solar energy into electricity. They work
on the principle of the photovoltaic effect.
• When certain materials are exposed to light, they absorb photons and
release free electrons.
• This phenomenon is called as the photoelectric effect.
• Photovoltaic effect is a method of producing direct current electricity
based on the principle of the photoelectric effect.
SOLAR POWER PLANT
• Solar Panels: It is the heart of the solar power plant. Solar panels
consists a number of solar cells. We have got around 35 solar cells in
one panel. The energy produced by each solar cell is very small, but
combining the energy of 35 of them we have got enough energy to
charge a 12 volt battery.
• Solar Cells : It is the energy generating unit, made up of p-type and n-
type silicon semiconductor. It’s the heart of solar power plant.
• Battery: Batteries are used to produce the power back or store the
excess energy produced during day, to be supplied during night.
• D.C. to A.C. Converter (Inverter): Solar panels produce direct current
which is required to be converted into alternating current to be
supplied to homes or power grid.
Working of Solar Power Plant
• As sunlight falls over a solar cells, a large number of photons strike
the p-type region of silicon. Electron and hole pair will get separated
after absorbing the energy of photon.
• The electron travels from p-type region to n-type region due to the
action of electric field at p-n junction.
• Further the diode is reversed biased to increase this electric field. So
this current starts flowing in the circuit for individual solar cell.
Working of Solar Power Plant
• We combine the current of all the solar cells of a solar panel, to get a
significant output.
• Solar power plant have a large number of solar panels connected to
each other to get a large voltage output.
• The electrical energy coming from the combined effort of solar panels
is stored in the Lithium ion batteries to be supplied at night time,
when there is no sunlight.
Advantages
• Most clean and renewable source of energy.
• It is available in abundance and endless.
• It provides electricity at low cost, as fuel is free.
• With new research in this sector we now have a good power storage
solution.
• Keeping in mind the pollution and cost of fossil fuel, it’s becoming the
most reliable source of clean energy.
Disadvantages
• It requires a lot of land to be captured forever.
• Initial cost of installation is too high.
• The energy storage options are not efficient and moreover costly if
efficient.
• Power production is quite low as compared to nuclear or other
resources to produce power.
• There is a problem if it is cloudy for few days
SOLAR CELL
Asia’s largest solar power plant in MP
HELIOTHERMAL PROCESS
• Radiant solar energy falling on the surface placed on the earth in the
form of visible light is converted directly into thermal energy.
• Surface on which solar rays fall – collectors.
• Two types of collectors used o Non-concentrating type – flat plate
collector o Concentrating type – focusing collector.
• Amount of solar radiation incident on a surface is called solar
insolation
Flat plate Collectors (Solar Water Heater)
• A blackened sheet metal is used to absorb all the sunlight, direct,
diffuse and terrestrially reflected.
• The heat generated is transferred to other fluids like air, water etc.
• The heat energy is transferred as long as equilibrium is achieved.
• When convection, conduction and radiation losses are reduced 100%
efficiency can be achieved.
• Loses can be reduced by placing the blackened sheet metal in a closed
thermally insulated box having its top covered by a transparent sheet.
Flat plate Collectors (Solar Water Heater)
• Use of glass covers serves as diathermanous medium permitting short
wavelength solar radiation while blocking the long wavelength
radiation from the surface.
• By coating the absorbing surface with selective coating substances
having high absorptiveness in the short wavelength region and low
emissivities in the long wavelength region the radiation losses from
the absorbing surface may be reduced.
• Used for cooking, water heating, drying of food grains and vegetables
etc.
PARABOLIC FOCUSING COLLECTOR
PARABOLIC FOCUSING COLLECTOR
• A mirror lens system is used to increase the intensity of solar
radiation.
• Generally cylindrical shape or spherical shape is preferred to focus the
incident radiation.
• Focussing collectors intercept and concentrate only the direct rays.
• It requires tracking systems to follow the path of sun.
• It can be used for high temperature heating applications for industrial
purposes.
Solar Pond
Solar Pond
• Solar pond is a pool of saltwater that is used to collect and store solar
energy.
• When the water is heated they become lighter and rise upward.
• In solar pond the tendency of rising of heat to the topmost layer of
water is restricted by dissolving salts in the bottom layer of the pond
making it too heavy to rise to the surface and cool.
Solar Pond
• When the sun's rays contact the bottom of a shallow pool, they heat
the water adjacent to the bottom.
• When water at the bottom of the pool is heated, it becomes less
dense than the cooler water above it, and convection begins.
• Solar ponds heat water by impeding this convection.
• Salt is added to the water until the lower layers of water become
completely saturated.
Solar Pond
• High-salinity water at the bottom of the pond does not mix readily
with the low-salinity water above it, so when the bottom layer of
water is heated, convection occurs separately in the bottom and top
layers, with only mild mixing between the two.
• This greatly reduces heat loss, and allows for the high-salinity water to
get up to 90 °C while maintaining 30 °C low-salinity water.
• This hot, salty water can then be pumped away for use in electricity
generation, through a turbine or as a source of thermal energy.
Solar Pond
• It is better to construct solar pond near places that have good supply
of sea water for filling and flushing, where low cost salt is available.
• High solar radiation and availability of land at low cost.
• Coastal area is well suited.
• In India Bhuj in Kutch district of Gujarat. (Constructed across 6000
sq.m land and it is 100m long and 60m wide and 3.5m depth)
• It is the largest operating solar pond in the world.
Bio-Fuels
• Solid biofuels – wood, charcoal, dried manure, sawdust, grass cuttings
• Biodiesel – domestically produced - from vegetable oils, animal
oils/fats, waste cooking oil – B100, B20 Is a clean burning replacement
for petroleum diesel fuel – is nontoxic and biodegradable – Trans-
esterification Free of Sulphur and aromatics Storage tanks may be of
aluminium, steel.
• Bioethanol or ethanol – Alcohol produced from fermentation Majorly
from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops.
• Gaseous biofuels Example, biogas – essentially methane gas produced
from biodegradable or energy crop.
Production Of Biofuel From The Plant
Products
• First-generation: Biofuels are primarily produced from edible sugar,
starch and other food crops are grown on arable land.
• Second generation: Biofuels are produced from non-edible plant
materials, such as plant dry matter or woody biomass, or agricultural
residues and wastes.
• Third generation: Biofuels are primarily produced from algae and
microbes. Algal fuels have high yields.
• The jatropha – a genus of flowering plants in the spurge family. This is
a source of biofuel and is widely cultivated in many regions of the
world.
Process Of Biofuels
Step-1
• The crops of selected plants are let out freely to absorb the heat from the sun.
Step-2
• Later these crops are refined in factories to produce food products.
Step-3
• Once the food products are produced, these crops are refined to produce
biofuel.
Step-4
• After the production of biofuels, they are collected in tanks and used for a
different process.
Advantages of Biofuel:
• Promotes a healthier population.
• It helps in maintaining a cleaner environment.
• There is no emission of hazardous gases, such as Carbon monoxide
(CO) and sulphur oxide (SO).
• Using biofuels rather than fossil fuels, there is the only emission of
non-toxic materials, which reduces the risk of cancer and breathing
problems in human beings.
• Biofuels are friendly to the environment because they reduce the risk
of global warming.
Disadvantages of Biofuel
• It disturbs the life cycle.
• Cost of labour and it requires huge space for storage.
• More water consumption, especially in dry climates.
• Growing biomass for biofuel production increases the demand for
agricultural land.
Global Warming
• Rising temperatures,
• Rising sea levels,
• Natural disasters,
• Extreme weather events,
• Health problems at a rapid rate
• 0.6 Celsius degree rise in global temperatures.
• Sea levels have risen by 20cm during the twentieth century and could
increase a further 20 to 80cm by 2100.
• Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air
pollutants and greenhouse gases collect in the atmosphere and
absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s
surface.
• Normally, this radiation would escape into space—but these
pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere,
trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter.
• The burning of fossil fuels to make electricity is the largest source of
heat-trapping pollution, producing about two billion tons of CO2
every year.
• Coal-burning power plants are by far the biggest polluters.
• The second-largest source of carbon pollution is the transportation
sector.
Causes of Global Warming
• Deforestation
• Use of Vehicles
• Chlorofluorocarbon
• Industrial Development
• Agriculture
• Overpopulation
Natural Causes of Global Warming
• Volcanoes
• Water Vapour
• Melting Permafrost
• Forest Blazes
Effects of Global Warming
• Rise in Temperature
• Threats to the Ecosystem
• Climate Change
• Spread of Diseases
• High Mortality Rates
• Loss of Natural Habitat
Ozone Depletion
• “The ozone layer is a region in the earth’s stratosphere that contains
high concentrations of ozone and protects the earth from the
harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun.”
• Mainly found in the lower portion of the earth’s atmosphere.
• It has the potential to absorb around 97-99% of the harmful UV
radiations coming from the sun that can damage life on earth.
• Absence of ozone would develop skin disease and may have
weakened immune system.
Ozone Depletion
• Scientists have discovered a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica.
• This has focused their concern on various environmental issues and
steps to control them.
• The main reasons for the ozone hole are chlorofluorocarbons, carbon
tetrachloride, methyl bromide and hydrochlorofluorocarbons.
Ozone layer depletion
• “Ozone layer depletion is the gradual thinning of the earth’s ozone
layer in the upper atmosphere caused due to the release of
chemical compounds containing gaseous bromine or chlorine from
industries or other human activities.”
Ozone layer depletion
• Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the ozone layer present in the
upper atmosphere.
• This happens when the chlorine and bromine atoms in the
atmosphere come in contact with ozone and destroy the ozone
molecules.
• One chlorine can destroy 100,000 molecules of ozone. It is destroyed
more quickly than it is created.
Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion
• Chlorofluorocarbons
• Unregulated Rocket Launches
• Nitrogenous Compounds
• Natural Causes
Effects Of Ozone Layer Depletion
• Effects on Human and Animal Health
• Effects on the Environment
• Effects on the Marine Life
Solutions to Ozone Layer Depletion
• Avoid Using ODS (Ozone Depleting Substance)
• Minimise the Use of Vehicles
• Use Eco-friendly Cleaning Products
• Use of Nitrous Oxide should be Prohibited