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Permutations and Combinations

The document discusses the rule of sum and rule of product for counting combinations and permutations. It provides examples and formulas for calculating permutations and combinations. Permutations account for order, while combinations do not. There are formulas for distinct objects, repeated objects, and cases with multiple criteria to consider.

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motihama12
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44 views19 pages

Permutations and Combinations

The document discusses the rule of sum and rule of product for counting combinations and permutations. It provides examples and formulas for calculating permutations and combinations. Permutations account for order, while combinations do not. There are formulas for distinct objects, repeated objects, and cases with multiple criteria to consider.

Uploaded by

motihama12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMBINATORICS

PRESENTATIONS
▪THE RULE OF SUM
If a first task can be performed in m,wayz , while a
second task can be performed in n ways and the
two tasks cannot be performed simultaneously, then
performing either task can be accomplished in one of
m†n ways
THE RULE OF PRODUCT
If a procedure can be broken down into
first and second stages ,and if there are m
possible outcomes for the first stage and
if , for each of these outcomes , there are n
possible outcomes for the second
stage ,then the total procedure can be
carried out ,in the designated order , in mn
ways.The two tasks are performed
simultaneously.
Example of the rule of sum
a)A college library has 40 textbooks on
sociology and 50 textbooks dealing with
anthropology .By sum a student at this
college can select among 40†50=90ways

Example of the rule of product


b)The drama club of Central
University is holding tryouts for a spring
day .With 6 man & 8 women auditioning for
the leading male and female roles
by product the director can cast his leading
couple in 6×8=48 ways
⮚PERMUTATIONS
Given a collection of n distinct
objects, any (linear) arrangement of these
distinct objects is called a permutation of
the collection.
•In permutations the listing of the objects in a
specified order is very important.
The key words in a question requiring the use of
permutations are distinct , different ,unique ways
or methods
Eg; The permutations of the letters a,b,c are
abc; acb; bac ;bca ;cab; cba & the permutations
of size 2 are ab ac ad ba bc bd ca cb da db dc
NB In permutations order is important
•If there are n distinct object and r at time is an
integer ,with 1≤r≤n ,then by the rule of product , the
numbers of size r for the n objects is
P(n,r)=n×(n-1)×(n-2)..........(n-r†1)
=n!÷(n-r)!
•We find the number of permutations P(n,r) of size r of n
given objects in the following way:
the 1st object in an arrangement can be chosen in n-ways
2nd one in (n-1), the third one in (n-2) ways & so on hence
P(n,r)=n × (n-1)×(n-2)...................(n-k†1)= n!/(n-r)!
Where n! =1 ×2×3...............×n is called n factorial
when the number of objects n is equal to size of
arrangements r the permutation is
P(n ,n)= n!÷(n-n)!
=n!÷o!
=n!
Questions
a)The number of permutations' of the letters
COMPUTER is
=8!
If only 5 of the letters are used ,the number of
permutations
P(8,5)=8!÷(8-5)!
=6720

b)The number of arrangements of the 4 letters in ball


is 12 not 4!
The reason is that we do not have 4 distinct letters
to arrange
=4!÷2!
=12
•Permutations with repeated symbol
If there are n
objects with n1 indistinguishable objects of a
first type,n2 indistinguishable objects of a
second type ,....,and nr indistinguishable
objects of the rth type , n=n1†n2†.......†nk, then
there are ;
n!÷(n1!
n2!...nk)! linear arrangements of the given n
objects.
Eg DATABASES
=9!÷3!2!
=30 240 possible arrangements
Eg The MASSASAUGA is a very dangerous and
venomous snake , we find that there are
10!÷4!3!
=25 200 possible arrangements
COMBINATIONS

On many occasions we are not interested in the order of arrangement, but the number of
possible arrangements. Under such circumstances we apply the combination principle.
The combination of r objects chosen from a set containing n of them is given by the
formulae :

C(n,r)=P(n,r)÷r!
The above formulae can be
further simplified by
substituting the permutation
formulae into the above
equation

C(n,r)={n!/(n-r)!÷(r!)}

C(n,r)=n! ÷{(n-r)!r!}
THE FIRST STEP IS TO IDENTIFY WHICH PRINCIPLE TO USE; YOU ASK YOURSELF THE
QUESTION “IS IT A PERMUTATION OR A COMBINATION”.

(a)Since “n” represents the total number of elements in a set from which
“r” is chosen from.

boys girls
Total number (n) 14 17
Chosen number (r) 2 2
In this example we apply the product rule
Choosing 4 students means 2 boys and 2 girls
Answer;
C(14,2)*C(17,2)
91*13=123
a)A student taking a calculus exam is directed to answer
any 7 of 10
essay questions.Find the number of ways he can answer
the exam
C(10,7)= 10!÷7!(10-7)!
=10!÷7!3!
=120wayz

b)if the student must answer 3 questions from the 5 and 4


from the last 5.
for the first 3 is C(5,3)=5!÷3!2! Other 4=5!÷4!

=10 ways =5ways


the student can complete the exam in 10×5=50
Question a) Lynn and Patti decide to buy a Powerball ticket
to win the grand price for Powerball one must match 5
numbers selected from 1 to 49 inclusive and then must also
match the Powerball from 1 to 42inclusive.Lynn selects the 5
numbers between 1 to 49 . Meanwhile Patti selects 1 number
between 1 to 42 inclusive .In how many ways can both of
them select the power ball?
LYNN can select in Patti can select in
C(49,5) possibilities=49!÷5!44! C(42,1)possibilities=42!÷41!

= c(49,5)×c(42,1)
=80 089 128 ways
5)The car number plates in Zimbabwe consist of three
letters of the alphabet followed by 3 numbers then the
Zimbabwe bird. How many number plates can be made.
Answer
We apply the combination principle
For the first 3 letters
C(26,1)*C(26,1)*C(26,1)=26*26*26
Next 3 numbers
C(10,1)*C(10,1)*C(10,1)=10*10*10
For the Zimbabwe bird
C(1,1)=1
USING THE PRODUCT RULE;
26*26*26*10*10*10*1=17576000

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