Scribd
Upload
11 views30 pages

Data Analysis

1. The document discusses the process of data analysis, including diagnosing the problem, specifying the appropriate statistical test, generating results using SPSS, and interpreting the findings. 2. Examples are provided of common statistical tests for different types of research questions involving descriptive, comparative, and correlational analyses. Measurement scales and their implications are also briefly covered. 3. When interpreting results, the document recommends focusing on p-values and comparing them to the significance level, typically 0.05, to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis or not.

Uploaded by

kensaj1999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views30 pages

Data Analysis

1. The document discusses the process of data analysis, including diagnosing the problem, specifying the appropriate statistical test, generating results using SPSS, and interpreting the findings. 2. Examples are provided of common statistical tests for different types of research questions involving descriptive, comparative, and correlational analyses. Measurement scales and their implications are also briefly covered. 3. When interpreting results, the document recommends focusing on p-values and comparing them to the significance level, typically 0.05, to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis or not.

Uploaded by

kensaj1999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

WHAT TO DO WHEN THE

NUMBERS ARE IN
A lecture on data analysis and its applications
Targets
• Situate researchers in the
data analysis process
• Perform proper diagnosis a
problem
• Specify appropriate
statistical test/s given a
problem
• Generate statistical results
using SPSS
• Make sensible interpretation
of data analysis results
What is data analysis?

Making sense out a set


of raw observations with
the aim of addressing
the goal(s) of the
research
Learning from MDs…

• Diagnose patient
• Prescribe appropriate
tests/meds
• Secure lab results
• Interpret lab results
As researchers…

• Diagnose the problem


• Specify statistical test
• Retrieve analysis
results
• Interpret analysis
results
Diagnosing a problem

• What are the questions to be


answered?
• What’s the analysis required
by the question?
• What is the nature of the data?
• For comparative analysis, how
many means are to be
compared?
Some notes on
measurement scales

Nominal/Ordinal
• No fundamental operation could
be performed
Interval
• “0” does not mean the absence of
the attribute being measured
Ratio
• “0” means absence of the attribute
Some notes on
measurement scales

You can “scale up” but


can’t “scale down”
- Interval/ratio to
nominal
- Interval/ratio to ordinal
- Ordinal to nominal
Common S-Tests
Examples

What is the average Type of analysis


– Descriptive
course
Nature of data
grade of those – Interval or ratio
students who Data analysis
– Mean
attended the review – SD
and
those who did not?
Examples (cont.)
Type of analysis
How many are pro or - Descriptive
against Nature of data
- Nominal
the merging of
Data analysis
departments - Frequency distribution
- Percentage distribution
when analyzed
gender?
Examples (cont.)

Do the average grade Type of analysis


– Comparative
of those Nature of data
students who – Interval or ratio

attended the # of means compared


– 2; coming from diff samples
review significantly Data analysis
differ from – T-test for independent
samples
those who did not
attend?
Examples (cont.)

Type of analysis
Does the average – Comparative
grade of Nature of data
– Interval or ratio
students # of groups compared
significantly differ – 2; coming from same
samples
before and after Data analysis
– T-test for dependent
taking the samples

review?
Examples (cont.)

Is there a significant Type of analysis


– Comparative
difference in the work
Nature of data
performance of – Interval or ratio
employees who are 5 # of groups compared
years or below, 6-10 – 3; coming from diff samples
Data analysis
years and 11 or more
– ANOVA
years in the company?
Examples (cont.)
Is there a significant Type of analysis
– Correlational
relationship between the
Nature of data
gender of the youth and – Nominal
their stand on abortion Data analysis
– Chi-square test of
issue? association
– Phi coefficient*

Note: The data on the variables being


related should come from the same
sample.
Examples (cont.)

Is there a significant Type of analysis


– Correlational
relationship between Nature of data
– Interval or ratio
grades of
Data analysis
the students and the – Pearson r

salary of
their teachers?
Note: Remember the note...
Interpreting results:
p-value approach
• Alternative to classical
approach (tabular
approach)
• Focus is on the probability
(p-value) that you would be
wrong if you reject the
hypothesis – not on the
computed and the standard
test statistic
Interpreting results:
p-value approach

• Generate the p-value of a


certain test
• Compare the p-value to
the level of significance
(usually 0.05)
Interpreting results:
p-value approach
• Decide over the H0
– If p-value is ≤ to 0.05;
the result of the test is
significant; reject H0
– Do not reject H0, if
otherwise
• Connect with what others
have
Question 1

What is the average of grade of


those students who attended the
review and those who did not?
Results

• Who’s grades are relatively higher?


• Are these results similar to what others have
found out? or not?
Question 2

Do the average grade of those students who


attended the review significantly differ from
those who did not attend?
Results

• What do the numbers mean?


• Are these results similar to what others have
found out? or not?
Question 3

Is the work performance of the respondents


significantly related to their monthly salary
and number of working hours?
Results
Question 3

Is their a significant difference in work


performance of the respondents who
earned undergraduate, graduate and
post graduate degrees?
Results
• The performance of the 3 groups significantly differ.
• Reject H0
• But, is it the graduates with significantly diff. performance compared
to the undergraduates? Or is it the post graduates against the
undergraduates?
• Undergraduates vs. Graduates
• Undergraduates vs. Postgraduates
• Graduates vs. Postgraduates
• Graduates over the undergraduates
• Postgraduates over the undergraduates
• Postgraduates over the graduates

You might also like