Intermolecular Forces and Solubility

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
AND POLARITY
INTRA- VS. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
forces inside molecules forces between molecules

INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES
• Forces of electrostatic attraction within a molecule
• Occurs between the nuclei of atoms & their electrons making

up the molecule (i.e. covalent bonds)
• Must be broken by chemical means
• Form new substances when broken

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
• Forces of attraction between two molecules
Ex: - London dispersion
- Dipole-dipole
- Hydrogen bonds
• Much weaker than intramolecular forces so much easier to break
• Physical changes break or weaken these forces
• Do not form new substances when broken

TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Intramolecular
INCREASING STRENGTH
Intermolecular
1. LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
- Attraction between nonpolar
molecules
- Attraction comes from temporary

dipoles produced from the random
movement of electrons
By chance, electrons
will disperse unevenly
and generate a
temporary dipole in
the molecule.
-A temporary dipole can induce a

temporary dipole in a neighbouring
molecule
Strength of LDF depends on:
-The size of the atoms
-The number of electrons
-Molecule size
The size of the atoms

- The larger an atom, the more loosely held are its outer electrons, and the more
readily will the electron cloud will polarize.
The number of electrons

- Larger atoms have more electrons to disperse, creating stronger temporary
dipoles when the electron cloud is polarized
Molecule size:
- Dispersion force attractions exist all along the regions where two elongated
molecules are close (the forces are additive)
2. DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE FORCES
- Attraction between a polar and a
non-polar molecule
- Attraction comes from a

permanent dipole inducing a
temporary dipole in a neighbouring
non-polar molecule
3. ION-INDUCED DIPOLE FORCES
- Attraction between an ion and a

non-polar molecule
- Attraction comes from a charged

molecule inducing a temporary
dipole in a neighbouring non-polar
molecule
4. DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
- Attraction between polar molecules
- Molecules with dipoles are characterized by oppositely charged

ends that are due to an unequal distribution of charge on the
molecule
•Polarity is determined by both the polarity of the bond & the

shape of the molecule
• Based on the simultaneous attraction of the electrons of
one dipole by the dipoles of neighbouring molecules
• Strength of the force is related to polarity of the given

molecule
Which molecule will make stronger dipole-dipole forces?
I
2.5
Cl 3.0
I F
2.5 4.0
ΔEN = 0.5 ΔEN = 1.5

5. HYDROGEN BONDS
- strong dipole-dipole bonds
- exist between molecules with

oxygen, nitrogen, and/or fluorine
bound to hydrogen.
-O, N, and F are very

electronegative and pull
electrons shared with hydrogen
δ+
towards themselves, producing
δ- δ- an unusually strong dipole.
δ+
δ+ δ+
6. DIPOLE-ION BONDS
- attraction between an ion and a polar molecule
- the partial charges (dipoles) of polar molecules exert

attraction for charged particles
6. DIPOLE-ION BONDS
The strength and number of ion-dipole bonds determines if they can
overcome the stronger ionic attraction between the positive and
negative ions, and determine if an ionic compound is soluble in the
polar substance.
SUMMARY OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
SUMMARY OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
PROPERTIES BASED ON INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Intermolecular forces affect:
– Melting point
– Boiling point
– Capillary action
– Surface tension
– Solubility
PREDICTING BOILING POINTS
• Molecules that are isoelectronic (same # of electrons) have the
same strength of London dispersion forces
• More polar molecules have stronger dipole – dipole interaction 

Higher melting & boiling points
• The more electrons per molecule, the stronger the London forces
& the higher the melting & boiling point
POLARITY AND SOLUBILITY
• Solution is formed when a solute dissolves in solvent
• Solution formation is independent on the intermolecular

forces of all molecules involved
• Remember: ‘Like Dissolves Like’

SOLUBILITY: COVALENT MOLECULES
• Polar liquids dissolve in other polar liquids
– Share same type of intermolecular forces
• Example: methanol in water

– Both have hydrogen bonds between each
• Example: carbon tetrachloride in water
– Will not dissolve as it is nonpolar & does
not contain the same intermolecular
forces
CCl4 in water
• Solids behave similarly to liquids
• Example: sugar in water

– Sugar is slightly polar (H bonds) &
dissolves in water (H bonds)
sugar in water
Soluble: Sugar (glucose) in water
Insoluble: Hexane in water
Water preferentially forms H-bonds with other water molecules than induced-dipole
forces with non-polar molecules.
SOLUBILITY: IONIC MOLECULES
• Rarely soluble in nonpolar or low polar solvents
• Sometimes soluble in water
• Example: NaCl
– Consists of Na+ & Cl- ions
– When placed in water the partial negative charges from O
in the water are attracted to the Na+
– Partial positive charge from H is attracted to Cl-
SOLUBILITY: IONIC MOLECULES
OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Surface tension
• Capillary action
• Viscosity

Intermolecular Forces and Solubility

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INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

forces inside molecules forces between molecules

• Occurs between the nuclei of atoms & their electrons making

• Must be broken by chemical means

• Form new substances when broken

• Much weaker than intramolecular forces so much easier to break

• Physical changes break or weaken these forces

• Do not form new substances when broken

- Attraction comes from temporary

-A temporary dipole can induce a

-The size of the atoms

-The number of electrons

The size of the atoms

The number of electrons

- Attraction comes from a

- Attraction between an ion and a

- Attraction comes from a charged

- Molecules with dipoles are characterized by oppositely charged

•Polarity is determined by both the polarity of the bond & the

• Strength of the force is related to polarity of the given

Which molecule will make stronger dipole-dipole forces?

ΔEN = 0.5 ΔEN = 1.5

- strong dipole-dipole bonds

- exist between molecules with

-O, N, and F are very

- the partial charges (dipoles) of polar molecules exert

Intermolecular forces affect:

• More polar molecules have stronger dipole – dipole interaction 

• Solution formation is independent on the intermolecular

• Remember: ‘Like Dissolves Like’

• Example: methanol in water

• Solids behave similarly to liquids

• Example: sugar in water

• Sometimes soluble in water

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