Chapter 3: Introduction to Control
Structures
By Mr. Samwel Tarus
Control Structures / Statements
Directs the flow of execution in a program.
Control structures enable the programmer to achieve iteration and branching.
C language control statement are divided into three categories:
1. Decision control structures
2. Looping control structures
3. Jumping control structures
Branching: The process of taking the alternative course of action against the
other.
Looping: The process of repeating / iterating a block of statements any number
of times.
Jumping: Moving to a specified location / point in a program
Decision Control Structures
Facilitate the action of branching
Examples of structures / statements;
i. if statement
ii. if ... else statement
iii. nested if … else statement
iv. switch case statement
Looping Control structures
Facilitate the action of repetition / iteration
Examples:
i. for loop
ii. do … while loop
iii. while loop
Jumping Control Structures
Facilitate the action of jumping to some other point in the program:
Examples:
i. break statement
ii. continue statement
iii. goto statement
If control structure
Control structure that considers only the true part of the condition;
Syntax:
Example 1;
if(condition) T
Statement;
Example 2
if(condition)
{
Statement;
Statement;
Statement;
}
Cont’d …
Program example (if control statement)
a. Write a program to check if any input number is a an even number.
b. Write a program to check if any input number is less than zero.
c. Nb: also draw a flowchart of the same
if … else
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
Statement; TP
Statement;
}
else
{
statement; FP
Statement;
}
Cont’d …
Program demo (if .. else)
a. Program to check if any input number is either odd or even number
b. Program to check if any input number is divisible by 5
Nb: also draw a flowchart for the same
Nested if … else
if(cond)
statement
else if(cond)
statement
else if(cond)
statement;
else
statement;
Cont’d …
Program demo for nested if … else
Write a program that reads the name and the marks scored by a
student, and to display the corresponding grade:
Use the given grading system:
< 0 marks Invalid marks
Between 0 and 39 grade = E, Fail
Between 40 and 49 Grade = D
Between 50 and 59 Grade = C
Between 60 and 69 Grade = B
Between 70 and 100 Grade = A
> 100 marks beyond the range
statement;
Switch case control structure switch(expression)
{
case 10:
Simplified version of Statement;
nested if… else break;
case 2:
control structure Statement;
break;
X+y= value case 133:
Statement;
break;
default:
Statement;
break;
}
Statement;
Switch case control structure
T
F
T
F
T
STAT
switch case: Explanation
An expression must evaluate to a value. The value of the expression is
compared upon several cases in the switch case control structure.
The case that matches the value of an expression, is executed.
The break statement in each of the cases transfers the control of execution
outside the switch control structure.
The default option handles any mismatch in the control structure.
Program demo for switch case:
Write a menu driven program to preform the following:
Compute the perimeter of a rectangle
Compute the sum of two numbers
Ie: *131#
Main menu
1. perimeter
2. sum
Enter your choice
Looping control structures
1. for Loop control structure
2. do… while loop control structure
3. while loop control structure
for loop control structure
Used to repeat a section of code a certain number of times known in advance
Syntax:
for(initialization; test expression; inc/dec)
Why initialization?
Example:
Provide initial value.
for(i = 0; i<5; i++) Eliminate Garbage values
for(i=5; i>0; i--) Done once
T
Demo programs using for loop
1. Program to display numbers 1 to 5
2. Program to check if any input number is a prime number
3. Program to display Fibonacci series to nth term
do ….. while loop control structure
1. It is an exit control structure.
2. The condition is checked after executing
the block of code at least once.
F
do… while loop (syntax)
Statement;
do
{
Statement;
Statement;
statement;
}
while(cond);
Statement;
Demo programs using do… while loop
1. Program to display numbers 1 to 5.
2. Program to find the sum of even numbers between 1 and 10.
3. Program to check if any input number is a palindrome number
While loop control structure
It is an entry control loop F
COND
The condition is checked before
executing the block of code. T
Syntax:
while(cond)
BLOCK
{
statement;
statement;
}
Demo programs using while loop
1. Program to display numbers 1 to 5
2. Program to compute the sum of odd numbers between 1 and 5
3. Program to check if any input number is an Armstrong number
Jumping Control structures
1. break control structure / statement
2. continue control structure / statement
3. goto control structure / statement
break control structure / statement
Transfers control of execution outside the switch control structure
Transfers control of execution from a deeply nested loop.
Transfers control of execution in the forward direction.
Syntax: break;
T
Cond break
Normal F
Loop
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("%d ",i);
if(i == 5)
break;
}
printf("came outside of loop i = %d", i);
Continue control structure
1. Transfers control to the beginning
of the loop or program
2. Transfers control in the backward
direction
3. By passes the remainder of the
loop.
Program to find sum of +ve integer numbers from any 5 input numbers
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("\nenter a number\n");
scanf("%d",&no);
if(no<0)
{
printf("\nIt is negative number\n");
continue;
}
sum = sum + no;
}
printf("\nsum of positive numbers = %d\n", sum);
goto control structure
goto unconditionally transfers control to some other place in the program.
There are some better ways on how this can be done
goto control structure makes some parts of the program permanently not
executable. This renders this omitted code irrelevant in the program.
goto program
/*goto control statement*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int sum=0;
for(int i = 0; i<=10; i++)
{
sum = sum+i;
if(i==5)
goto addition;
}
addition:
printf("%d", sum);
return 0;
Assignment / Cat
• Write short notes on Arrays in C Language
