Exciter Basics
Pilot Exciter
DC Exctr
Forcing Down
Forcing Up
Main Exciter
DC Exctr SYN Mach
CT PTS
Fixed Resistor
QL
QR
Exciter MOT Field Rheostat (Manual Control)
NL
NR
Automatic Control
Notes: (1) NL, NR - Close for small error QL, QR - Close for large error
AC Voltage Adjuster
DC Generator-Commutator Exciter Separately Excited with Noncontinuously Acting Rheostatic Regulator
DC Exctr
SYN Mach
CT
PTS
Regulator Exciter Field Transfer Rheostat (Manual Control)
Rotating Amplifier
Automatic Control
PMG
AC Voltage Adjuster Station Auxiliary Power
MOT
DC Generator-Commutator Exciter with Rotating Amplifier
DC Exctr
SYN Mach
CT
PTS
Regulator Transfer
Exciter Field Rheostat (Manual Control)
Automatic Control
MOT PMG
Station Auxiliary Power
AC Voltage Adjuster
DC Generator-Commutator Exciter with Continuously Acting Regulator Employing Static Amplifiers
PMG
Stator 41
Rotor
AC Exc
Perm. Mag. + Stator
Shunt
GEN
CT
PT
AC
DC
Power Amp
DC Isolation Transducer Pulses Firing Circuit + AC Reg.
Limiting And Protection
AC Isolation
Voltage Adjuster
PM
PMG
N S
AC Exctr Arm.
SYN Mach
CT
PTS
Exciter Field
Gate Control
Automatic Control
AC Voltage Adjuster
Base Voltage Adjuster (Manual Control)
Regulator Transfer
Alternator-Rectifier Exciter Employing Rotating Noncontrolled Rectifiers (Brushless)
To Set Up Transformer Generator
Rotating Elements Generator field diode wheel with fuses exciter armature PMG field
Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)
Exciter
Feedback Inputs
Controlled Rectifier
Reference Inputs
ALTERNATOR EXCITER Brushless Type
Start-Up Power
SYN Mach
CT PTS
Power PT
DC Voltage Adjuster
Manual Control
Gate Control
Regulator Transfer
Automatic Control
AC Voltage Adjuster
Potential Source-Rectifier Exciter Employing Controlled Rectifiers
Power From Station Service
41
Or Power From Power Potential Transformer Shunt
GEN
PTs CT
Current Transducer 1pu =5v
Power AMP
4:1
Start RES
Voltage 1pu Transducer =5v
15 VDC Supply
Trans MOD Main
OXP
+/-10v
AC Isolation Transducer
120 VAC
REG TRIP UNIT TRIP
DC Reg
DC Adj. BAL Meter
+/-10v
4 VAC
TO DC ADJ
MXL V/HZ MEL VED Damping
To Firing CKT Phase Back
Auto To All Modules
+/-10v
Firing Ckt
+/-10v
SIG MIX
+/-10v
+/-10v
AC Adj.
WTA-300 STATIC
Feedback Control - Limiters
Auto and Manual Operation Minimum Excitation Limiter Maximum Excitation Limiter OEL Volts/Hertz Limiter Overvoltage Limiter Instantaneous Current Limiter
Minimum Excitation Limiter
Generator Capability Curve -UEL
Time Delay Curve and Gain Adjustable 100%-130% On Line-Off Line Dynamic Pickup based on Pressure/Temperature
Steady State Stability Limit - MEL
Varies Proportional Square of Generator Terminal Voltage
Maximum Excitation Limiter OEL
Limits Generator Field Current or Voltage Adjustable Pickup Point
On Line setting 100% -130% Off Line setting 100% -200%
Adjustable Time Delay Dynamic Pickup based on Pressure/Temperature
Instantaneous Current Limiter
Adjustable Pickup Point
100%- 150% Field Current or 100% - 300% Full Load Voltage
Maintain Output
Within +/- 2% of Pickup Point
Volts/Hertz Limiter
Adjustable Pickup Point 100%-120% Adjustable Time Delays 0 - 1000 seconds Inverse V/HZ Curve - ANSI C37.102
Overvoltage Limiter
Limits Generator Voltage Adjustable Pickup Points 100% - 130% Adjustable Time Delay 0 - 10 sec.
Protection
Overexcitation Protection Volts/Hertz Protection Overvoltage Protection Minimum Excitation Protection Loss of Field Protection Loss of Sensing
Overexcitation Protection
Configurable to Field Current or Field Voltage On Line - Off Line Adjustable Settings On Line - 100%-170% Full Load Value Off Line 100% to 130% No Load Value Dynamic Pickup based on Pressure/Temperature
Volts/Hertz Protection
Adjustable Pickup Point 100% -120% Adjustable Time Delay 0 - 1000 Seconds Inverse Volts/Hertz Curve Per ANSI C37.102 Alarm On Pickup - Trip after Time Delay
Overvoltage Protection
Adjustable Pickup 100-200% Generator voltage Adjustable Time Delay Alarm on Pickup Trip After Time Delay
Minimum Excitation Protection
Based upon Generator Capability Curve Operating Curves approximated via:
Five straight line segments
Adjustable Time Delay on Trip Dynamic Pickup based on Pressure/Temperature
Loss of Field Protection
Based upon Steady State Stability Limit Operating Curves approximated via:
Five straight line segments
Adjustable Time Delay on Trip Varies Proportional
Square of Generator Terminal Voltage
Loss of Sensing
Detects complete/partial Loss of Voltage Intelligence Transfer based upon Adjustable Comparison Comparison Configurable to:
PT Secondary Voltage
Configurable To Transfer to
Backup Metering PTs (If existing) Manual Control
Power From Station Service
41
Or Power From Power Potential Transformer Shunt
GEN
PTs CT
Current Transducer 1pu =5v
Power AMP
4:1
Start RES
Voltage 1pu Transducer =5v
15 VDC Supply
Trans MOD Main
OXP
+/-10v
AC Isolation Transducer
120 VAC
REG TRIP UNIT TRIP
DC Reg
DC Adj.
4 VAC
TO DC ADJ
BAL Meter
Auto To All Modules
+/-10v
MXL V/HZ MEL VED
To Firing CKT Phase Back
+/-10v
Firing Ckt
+/-10v
SIG MIX
+/-10v
+/-10v
AC Adj.
Damping
WTA-300 STATIC
Two Basic Purposes of Firing Circuit
1. To provide proper firing pulses at the right time to the thyristors in power amplifier(s), such that
2. The DC output from the power amplifier(s) is a Linear function of the DC control input to the firing circuit. Power AC In Power Amp. Bridge + Field DC - Out
DC Control In
Firing Circuit
3Ph AC Timing (Same Ph. As AC Power)
Thyristor
Anode Cathode + I Gate -
I
+
+
VDRM
+ VGT VGT (Gate Trigger Voltage) 1 to 5 V.
VDRM (Forward Blocking Voltage 600 to 12KV.
IT(AV) (Average Forward Current) 100 to 5000 A.
IGT (Gate Trigger Current) 100 ma. To 500 ma.
Anode-Cathode Voltage
Thyristor Current in a resistive load
1 1
IAV.
Thyristor Current in a resistive load
2 2
IAV.
One-Quadrant Converter
DC Output AC Input
VDC
+ +
IDC
Two-Quadrant Converter
VDC
+
DC Output AC Input
IDC
3-Phase 6 Pulse Converter 0o Delay
1 2 3
X1 X2
Y1 Y2
Z1 Z2 I
+ R L(>>R) -
3-Phase 6 Pulse Converter 30o Delay
1 2 3
X1 X2
Y1 Y2
Z1 Z2 I
+ R L(>>R) -
3-Phase 6 Pulse Converter 60o Delay
1 2 3
X1 X2
Y1 Y2
Z1 Z2 I
+ R L(>>R) -
3-Phase 6 Pulse Converter 90o Delay
1 2 3
X1 X2
Y1 Y2
Z1 Z2 I
+ R L(>>R) -
3-Phase 6 Pulse Converter 120o Delay
1 2 3
X1 X2
Y1 Y2
Z1 Z2 I
+ R L(>>R) -
(Transiently Only)
1.0
0.8
D-C Terminal Voltage in P.U.
0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0
Firing Angle
Universal Relationship between the DC output terminal voltage and the firing angle, for all 2-quadrant phase-controlled converters (with smooth DC current).
DC Out
0o
Power Amp. 180o 60o Firing Angle
So that RESULTS are this!!!
The key is to make the firing circuit like this
0o
60o Firing Circuit DC In
Amp DC Out
Firing DC In
180o
