MEU/MMU 07102

BASICS OF ENGINEERING
DRAWING

LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION
 What is Engineering drawing?
 Engineering Drawing/Technical drawing.
Engineering drawings are graphic and technical
communication tools.
The appearance of technology gradually led humans
to develop another use for drawing. It became a
way to convey technical thought.
 The industrial revolution gave rise to graphic and
communication tools, which facilitated the
exchange of technical information between
individuals.
Engineering Drawing (cont…)
 Engineering drawing/Technical drawing.
Engineering drawings
represent the exact shape,
dimensions and composition of
an object with a view to its
fabrication.
Artistic drawings convey an
idea, feeling, mood or situation.
 Engineering Drawing (cont…)
 Engineering drawings are the common
language of those who work in technology.
 Engineers, architects, designers, technologists,
Metrologist, technicians and specialized
workers use them to communicate with each
other.
 This means that two engineers who do not
speak the same language can understand
most of a technical drawing, with the exception
of annotations written in a specific language.
 Engineering Drawing (cont…)
Elements that form a comprehensive engineering
drawing.
Drawings: These are the main area in which designs

and concepts are illustrated visually.

Dimensions: These clarify the size and

measurements of the various elements in the drawing.

Notes and labels: These provide additional relevant

details about the components in the drawing.

 Engineering Drawing (cont…)
Example
For example, think of an engineering drawing as a

blueprint for building a house. The drawing would

outline the house's design, while dimensions would
specify the size of each room, wall, etc. Labels
would provide other important information, such as
the materials to construct each part of the house.
 Engineering Drawing (cont…)
Types of Engineering Drawings
Type of
Definition and Purpose
Drawing

Conceptual These are preliminary drawings, typically hand-drawn, which capture the broad
Sketches idea of the design. They act as a starting point, initiating the design process.

Detail drawings delve deeper into the specific elements of a design. They depict
Detail
precise measurements, materials, and other specific details needed for
Drawings
manufacturing.

Assembly An assembly drawing demonstrates how different parts come together to form a
Drawings complete unit. They show a ‘big picture’ overview of the entire product.

Sectional Sectional drawings show a cross-section view of a product or structure. They

Drawings enable us to see 'inside' an object, highlighting interior features.

Schematic drawings are used to illustrate the relationship between different

Schematic components in a system. This type isn’t concerned with accurate representation of
Drawings: physical appearance or measurements. Its primary goal is to depict how different
parts interact and function together.
 Engineering/technical Drawing

Manual Drawing CADD

Computer has a major impact on the methods used to

design and create technical drawings.
Design and drafting on computer are cheap and less time
consuming.
Why we go for manual drawing?
Why we go for manual drawing?
Computer cannot replace the drafting board
and equipment as a learning tool.
Once you have learned the basics of
mathematics, now after form four, you are
allowed the use of calculator and computer.
If basic fundamentals are clear, better use
can be made of the power of the software.
To be an expert in technical drawing, (manual)
Drawing is the first step.
 Ways to Create a
Engineering Drawing
Drawing can be crated in three
ways.
Freehand drawing (sketch)
Using typical drawing instruments
Using a computer (software)
Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example

11
Instrument drawing
Instruments/tools are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example
Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works , PRO – E, etc.

Examples
BASIC KNOWLEDGE FOR DRAFTING
Engineering Drawing

Graphics Word
language language

Geometric Projection
construction method Dimensions & Notes

Using line types Visualization

Visualization is the ability to mentally picture things that do not exists.

DRAWING EQUIPMENT & TOOLS

 EQUIPMENTS
 Drawing table.
 Drafting Machine.
 Drawing board

 TOOLS
• A pair of compass
 A pair of sets squares
- -- 45° to 45°
60° to 30°
DRAWING INSTRUMENT (Cont….)
TOOLS
•A pair of compass
A pair of sets squares

- -- 45° to 45°
60° to 30°
Divider-Used for transferring Measurements.
Protector- For Measuring angles
Sharpener-For sharpening pencils edge
Eraser- For rubbing pencil edge.
Sand paper-Used for refining pencil edges
French curves-For drawing curves.
Pencil-Used for drawing lines and lettering /writing
TECHNICAL DRAWING TABLE
 DRAWING TOOLS

1. T-Square 2. Triangles
 DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils

 DRAWING TOOLS

5. Sandpaper 6. Compass
 DRAWING TOOLS

9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper

 DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper

DRAWING PENCIL
TYPES
-Hard pencils H
-Soft pencils B
-Medium pencils HB
Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers and letters
Mechanical clutch pencils – Not allowed
 H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of hardness.
 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness and blackness
 HB to F – Medium grade

Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H

and HB pencils – to be practiced in this course.
PENCIL DRAWING –
In finished drawing, all lines (except construction lines-
used to construct the drawing) should be dense, clean and
uniform.
Construction line should be drawn very thin and should be
hardly visible in the finished drawing ( they should not be
erased).
 Basic Line Types &
Name according to application
Thickness Thick Thin 1. Dimension line
2. Extension line
Visible line 3. Leader line
Style
Continuous Hidden line
Dash
Chain Center line
BASIC LINES TYPES
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible outline

Continuous thin line Dimension line

Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line

Example

Contents
 DRAWING SHEET
Standard sheet size A4
(Abbreviated by capital
latter A following by
A3
subscript numbers
range from 0 to 6)
A2
A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420
A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189

(Dimensions in millimeters) A0
 DRAWING SHEET LAYOUT

1. Type X (A0~A3) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space Title block
lines Title block
c

Sheet size c (mm) d (mm)

A4 5 20
A3 10 20
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
SAMPLE OF DRAWING SHEET

TITLE BLOCK
 TITLE BLOCK & CONTENTS
30mm 40mm

SCALE: DRAWN BY:

15mm
PROJECTION DIMENSION: CLASS: REMARKS

30mm
DATE: CHECKED BY:

15mm
Any
Additional TITLE: N0.

Information
50mm 94mm 30mm

190mm
SAMPLE OF DRAWING SHEET
 CONTENTS OF TITTLE BLOCK
All engineering drawings should feature a title block.
The title block should include:

Title:- title of the drawing

Name:- name of the person who produced the drawing
Checked:- before manufacture, drawings are usually checked
Version:- many drawings are amended, each revision must be
noted
Date:- the date the drawing was produced or last amended
Notes:- any note relevant to the drawing (Any additional information)
Scale:- the scale of the drawing
Class :- ………………….
Projection:- Angle of projection
 DRAWING SCALES
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

:
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
Lettering in Engineering Drawing
Lettering is used to provide easy to read and understand
information to supplement a drawing in the form of notes
and annotations.

Lettering is an essential element in both traditional drawing

and Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawing

Thus, it must be written with:

Legibility – shape & space between letters and words.
Uniformity – size & line thickness.
 Types of Lettering
The two types of lettering are:
1.Vertical Lettering (Gothic)
2.Inclined Lettering

vertical letters inclined letters

 Conventions for Lettering
• Use all CAPITAL LETTERS.
• Use even pressure to draw precise, clean lines.
• Use one stroke per line.
• Use kerning to eliminate excessive space between
letters. –
[kerning refers to adjusting the space between
characters, especially by placing two characters
closer together than normal. Kerning makes
certain combinations of letters, such as WA,
MW, TA, and VA, look better.]
 Conventions for Lettering (cont.)

• Always Skip A Space Between Rows Of

Letters.
• Always Use Very Light Guide Lines.
• Fractions Are Lettered Twice The Height Of
Normal Letters.
• Fraction Bars Are Always Drawn Horizontal.
 Guidelines
Extremely light horizontal lines that are necessary to regulate
the height of letters.
In addition, light vertical or inclined guidelines are used to keep
the letters uniformly vertical or inclined.
Guidelines are absolutely essential for good lettering.

• After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are not erased.
 Spacing
Should be UNIFORM
•.

L IN E S
LET T ERS

LINES AND LETTERINGS

Examples of Common Mistakes
in Lettering
Lettering style not uniform LEtTErING

Lettering height not uniform

LE TTERING
Lettering inclination not uniform LETTERING

Lettering thickness not uniform LETTERING

Lettering space not uniform LET T E R ING

 LETTERING RULES
1.The type of lettering recommended for drafting
is single stroke gothic (vertical freehand lettering).
2.The minimum recommended lettering size on
engineering drawings is 2 -3mm.
3. All dimension numerals, notes and other lettered
information should be the same height except for
titles, drawing numbers and other captions.
LETTERING RULES Cont.…
4. All notes should be lettered horizontally on the sheet.
5. Most industries prefer that drafters produce lettering
that looks the same form one drawing to the next. Also,
when drawing changes are made, the individual making
the change should attempt to match the lettering on the
original drawing.
6. Always use horizontal guidelines that are spaced equal
to the height of the letters.
7. Use 2H, H, or F pencils for lettering. Try them all, but
use the one that gives you the best results.
Standards and Conventions

 Conventions make the drawing simple

and easy to draw.
 Drafting time should be reduced to cut
drafting cost.
 It will take a lot of time to draw the
actual shape, hence, some conventions
are standardized and used in the
drawing to save the time.
 Engineering standards
 Every Design engineer must know the
Engineering standards and codes for the
design of the machine element and
equipment to achieve Reliability, ensure
safety, attain productivity, and efficiency.
 This also helps for the repeatability and
interchangeability of the failed components
and reduces the breakdown time of any plant.
Engineering standards Cont.….
 Following is the list of popular Mechanical
Engineering Standards, codes that engineers
should aware of.
Conventional Breaks and
Symbols
 Mechanical fasteners
 Is a device that is used to mechanically join
two or more objects together.
 In general mechanical fasteners can be
divided into two main categories; non-
permanent and permanent fasteners.
 Non –permanent fasters are easily
assembled and disassembled without
damaging the parts.
Fasteners cont.….
Threaded fastener
Threaded fastener cont.…
HOW TO BEGIN YOUR DRAWING?

•Clean the drawing board and all the drawing

instruments using duster.
•Fix the drawing sheet on the drawing board.
•Draw border lines using HB pencil..
•Complete the title block using HB pencil .
•Plan spacing of drawings b/n two problems/views
before you start.
•Print the problem number on the left top and
then
•commence the drawing work.
 BEGIN YOUR DRAWING
 With the aid of A4 Drawing sheet try to do the following.
 1.Draw border lines.
 2.Tittle block
 3.Fill all necessary information.
 3.In the drawing space, write the following sentences to
exercise lettering.
-My name is somebody (Write all your names)
-I promise to study hard technical drawing.
-I will do all assignment and test as scheduled.
-I will always submit all given task in time.
-I Love technical drawing.
NB: Use all lettering rules.
SUBMISION DEAD LINE; …... 202.
 TEST

TEST ONE

…………….202.