Cloud Computing – CSE4001

Course Instructor: Dr. Lella Kranthi Kumar

Assistant Professor Senior – Grade I
School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE)
VIT – AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh.
Email-id: [email protected]
Course Objectives
1. Understanding of cloud computing and a systematic knowledge of
the fundamental technologies, architecture, and security.

2. To expose frontier areas of Cloud Computing while providing

sufficient foundations to enable further study and research.

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Expected Outcome
1. Articulate the main concepts, key technologies, strengths, and limitations of cloud
computing and the possible applications for state-of-the-art cloud computing
2. Identify the architecture and infrastructure of cloud computing, including SaaS,
PaaS, IaaS, public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud.
3. Explain the core issues of cloud computing such as security, privacy, and
interoperability.
4. Choose the appropriate technologies, algorithms, and approaches for the related
issues.
5. Identify problems, and explain, analyze, and evaluate various cloud computing
solutions.
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# Modules and Course Content Hours
Understanding Cloud Computing - Cloud origins and influences, basic concepts and terminology, goals
1 and benefits, risks and challenges. Fundamental Concepts and Models: Roles and boundaries, cloud 6
characteristics, cloud delivery models, cloud deployment models.
Cloud Enabling Technology - Data centre technology, virtualization technology, web technology,
2 6
multitenant technology, service technology.
Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms - Network perimeter, virtual server, cloud storage device, cloud usage
3 6
monitor, resource replication.
Fundamental Cloud Architectures - Workload distribution architecture, resource pooling architecture,
dynamic scalability architecture, elastic resource capacity architecture, service load balancing architecture,
4 10
cloud bursting architecture, elastic disk provisioning architecture, redundant storage architecture, Cloud
operations: Migration, static and dynamic Scheduling
Cloud Delivery Model Considerations - Cloud Delivery Model Considerations: The cloud provider
perspective- Building IaaS environments, equipping PaaS environments, optimizing SaaS environments, the
5 8
cloud consumer perspective, working with IaaS environments, working with PaaS environments, working
with SaaS services.
Fundamental Cloud Security and Mechanisms - Basic terms and concepts, Threat agents, Cloud security
6 threats, Encryption, Hashing, Digital Signature, Public Key Infrastructure(PKI), Identity and Access 9
Management(IAM), Single Sign-On(SSO), Cloud Based Security Groups, Handed Virtual Server Machines

4
Textbooks and Reference Books
1. Thomas Erl, Ricardo Puttini, Zaigham Mahmood, “Cloud Computing:
Concepts, Technology & Architecture”, PHI Publications, 2013.

2. John W. Rittinghouse, James F.Ransome, “Cloud Computing:

Implementation, Management and Security”, CRC Press, 2017.
3. Sandeep Bhowmik, “Cloud Computing” , Cambridge University
Press, publishers 2017.
4. Meikang Qiu, Keke Gai, “Mobile Cloud computing : models,
implementations and security ”, CRC Press, 2017.
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Mode of Evaluation
Evaluation Components Weightage
Continuous Assessment Test-1 20%
Continuous Assessment Test-2 20%
Final Assessment Test 20%
Practical Assessment (Mini Project) 25%
Digital Assignment 15%

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 Module 1

Cloud origins and influences, basic concepts and terminology, goals and
benefits, risks and challenges. Fundamental Concepts and Models:
Roles and boundaries, cloud characteristics, cloud delivery models,
cloud deployment models.

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Cloud Origin and Influences
• The idea of computing in a “cloud” traces back to the origins of utility
computing.

• John McCarthy publicly proposed in 1961:

“If computers of the kind I have advocated become the computers of the future,
then computing may someday be organized as a public utility just as the
telephone system is a public utility. ... The computer utility could become the
basis of a new and important industry.”

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Cloud Origin and Influences
• Leonard Kleinrock, a chief scientist of the Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network or ARPANET project that seeded the Internet, stated:
“As of now, computer networks are still in their infancy, but as they grow up and
become sophisticated, we will probably see the spread of ‘computer utilities’ ...”.

• In the late 1990s, Salesforce.com pioneered the notion of bringing remotely

provisioned services into the enterprise.

• In 2002, Amazon.com launched the Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform, a suite
of enterprise- oriented services that provide remotely provisioned storage,
computing resources, and business functionality.
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Cloud Origin and Influences
• “Network Cloud” or “Cloud” was introduced in the early 1990s.
• The transmission of data from one end-point (local network) to the
“Cloud” (wide area network).
• It wasn’t until 2006 that the term “cloud computing” emerged in the
commercial arena.
• Amazon launched its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Google Apps
also began providing browser-based enterprise applications.

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Definitions
• Gartner - a style of computing in which scalable and elastic IT-enabled
capabilities are delivered as a service to external customers using
Internet technologies.”

• Forrester Research - a standardized IT capability (services, software,

or infrastructure) delivered via Internet technologies in a pay-per-use,
self-service way.

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Definitions
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
• Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction. This cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics,
three service models, and four deployment models.

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Business Drivers
• Business Drivers – Why do we need Cloud Computing?
• Business drivers have motivated organizations to adopt cloud computing to meet and
support the requirements of these drivers.
• Capacity planning: It is the process in which an organization estimates the production
capacity needed for its products to cope with the ever-changing demands in the market.
• This involves estimating the storage, infrastructure, hardware and software, availability of
resources, etc.
• There are three major consideration’s incapacity planning as follows.
 Level of Demand
 Cost of Production
 Availability of Funds
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Business Drivers
• Cost Reduction
• Two costs need to be accounted for:
• The cost of acquiring new infrastructure
• The cost of its ongoing ownership.
• Operational overhead represents a considerable share of IT budgets,
often exceeding up-front investment costs.

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Business Drivers
• Organizational agility is the measure of an organization’s responsiveness
to change.
• An IT enterprise often needs to respond to business change by scaling its
IT resources beyond the scope of what was previously predicted or
planned for.
• Changing business needs and priorities may require IT resources to be
more available and reliable than before.
• This inability to respond can inhibit an organization from keeping up with
market demands, competitive pressures, and its own strategic business
goals.
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Technology Innovations
• Pre-existing technologies considered to be the primary influences on cloud
computing.
• Clustering - A cluster is a group of independent IT resources that are
interconnected and work as a single system.
• System failure rates are reduced while availability and reliability are increased,
since redundancy and failover features are inherent to the cluster.
• Reasonably identical hardware and operating systems to provide similar
performance levels when one failed component is to be replaced by another.
• Component devices that form a cluster are kept in synchronization through
dedicated, high-speed communication links.
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Technology Innovations
• Gird Computing - A computing grid provides a platform in which
computing resources are organized into one or more logical pools.
• These pools are collectively coordinated to provide a high-performance
distributed grid, sometimes referred to as a “super virtual computer.”
• Grid computing differs from clustering in that grid systems are much more
loosely coupled and distributed.
• As a result, grid computing systems can involve computing resources that are
heterogeneous and geographically dispersed.
• Common feature-sets such as networked access, resource pooling, and
scalability are also an enabling factor in cloud computing.
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Technology Innovations
• Virtualization - Virtualization represents a technology platform used
for the creation of virtual instances of IT resources.
• A layer of virtualization software allows physical IT resources to
provide multiple virtual images of themselves so that their underlying
processing capabilities can be shared by multiple users.
• The virtualization process severs this software-hardware dependency,
as hardware requirements can be simulated by emulation software
running in virtualized environments.

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Technology Innovations vs. Enabling
Technologies
• Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture
• Data Centre Technology
• (Modern)Virtualization Technology
• Web Technology
• Multitenant Technology
• Service Technology

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Basic Concepts and Terminology
• Cloud refers to a distinct IT environment that is designed for the
purpose of remotely provisioning scalable and measured IT resources.
• This same symbol is now used to specifically represent the boundary
of a cloud environment.
• A cloud can be based on the use of any protocols that allow for the
remote access to its IT resources.

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IT Resources
• An IT resource is a physical or virtual IT-related artifact
• software- based, such as a virtual server or a custom software program.
• hardware-based, such as a physical server or a network device.

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Cloud-based IT resources

Cloud-based IT resources

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On Premise
• An IT resource that is hosted in a conventional IT enterprise within an
organizational boundary.
• An on-premise IT resource can access and interact with a cloud-based
IT resource.
• An on-premise IT resource can be moved to a cloud by changing it to
a cloud-based IT resource.
• Redundant deployments of an IT resource can exist in both on-premise
and cloud-based environments.

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Cloud Consumers and Cloud Providers

• The party that provides cloud-based IT resources is the cloud provider.

• The party that uses cloud-based IT resources is the cloud consumer.

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Scaling
• Scaling, from an IT resource perspective, represents the ability of the
IT resource to handle increased or decreased usage demands.

• The following are types of scaling:

• Horizontal Scaling – scaling out and scaling in
• Vertical Scaling – scaling up and scaling down

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Horizontal Scaling
• Horizontal scaling (aka scaling out) refers to adding additional nodes
or machines to your infrastructure to cope with new demands.
• If you are hosting an application on a server and find that it no longer
has the capacity or capabilities to handle traffic, adding a server may
be your solution.

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Vertical Scaling

• Vertical scaling (aka scaling up) describes adding additional resources

to a system so that it meets demand.

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Cloud Service
• Although a cloud is a remotely accessible environment, not all IT
resources residing within a cloud can be made available for remote
access.
• A cloud service can be anything.

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Cloud Service Consumer
• The cloud service consumer is a temporary runtime role assumed by a
software program when it accesses a cloud service.

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Goals and Benefits
• Reduced Investments and Proportional Costs
• Elimination of up-front IT investments, namely hardware and software
purchases and ownership costs.
• Elimination or minimization of up-front financial commitments allows
enterprises to focus on business objectives.
• Cloud datacentres are commonly located in destinations where real
estate, IT professionals, and network bandwidth can be obtained at
lower costs, resulting in both capital and operational savings.

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Goals and Benefits
• Pooled IT resources are made available to and shared by multiple
cloud consumers, resulting in increased or even maximum possible
utilization.
• On-demand access to pay-as-you-go computing resources.
• Unlimited computing resources are available on demand.
• The ability to add or remove IT resources at a fine-grained level.
• Applications are not locked into devices or locations and can be easily moved
if needed.
• Using 100 servers for one hour costs the same as using one server for
100 hours.
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Goals and Benefits
• Increased Scalability
• Clouds can instantly and
dynamically allocate IT resources
to cloud consumers.
• IT resources to always meet and
complete unpredictable usage
demands avoids potential loss of
business that can occur when usage
thresholds are met.
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Goals and Benefits
• Increased Availability and Reliability
• IT resource unable to respond to customer requests, its unexpected
failure can decrease overall customer confidence.
• Cloud-based IT resource to minimize or even eliminate outages, and
for increasing its reliability to minimize the impact of run- time failure
conditions.
• Cloud providers generally offer “resilient” IT resources for which they
can guarantee high levels of availability.

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Goals and Benefits
• The modular architecture of cloud environments provides extensive
failover support that increases reliability.
• It is important that organizations carefully examine the SLAs offered
by cloud providers when considering leasing cloud-based services and
IT resources.

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Risks and Challenges
• Increased Security Vulnerabilities
• The moving of business data to the cloud means that the responsibility
over data security becomes shared with the cloud provider.
• Another consequence of overlapping trust boundaries relates to the
cloud provider’s privileged access to cloud consumer data.
• Increased exposure of data can provide malicious cloud consumers
(human and automated) with greater opportunities to attack IT
resources and steal or damage business data.

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Risks and Challenges

Overlapping trust boundaries

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Risks and Challenges
• Reduced Operational Governance Control
• Cloud consumers are usually allotted a level of governance control
that is lower than that over on-premise IT resources.
• An unreliable cloud provider may not maintain its guarantees in the
SLAs published for its cloud services.
• This can put at risk the quality of the cloud consumer solutions that
rely on these cloud services.
• Longer geographic distances between the cloud consumer and cloud
provider can require additional network latency.
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Risks and Challenges

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Risks and Challenges
• Limited Portability Between Cloud Providers
• Due to a lack of industry standards in cloud computing industry,
public clouds are commonly proprietary to various extents.
• For cloud consumers that have custom-built solutions with
dependencies on these proprietary environments, it can be challenging
to move from one cloud provider to another.
• Portability is a measure used to determine the impact of moving cloud
consumer IT resources and data between clouds

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Risks and Challenges

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Risks and Challenges
• Multi-Regional Compliance and Legal Issues
• Cloud providers will frequently establish data centers in affordable or
convenient geographical locations.
• Cloud consumers will often not be aware of the physical location of
their IT resources and data when hosted by public clouds.
• Countries have laws that require some types of data to be disclosed to
certain government agencies or to the subject of the data.

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Roles and Boundaries
• Organizations and humans can play different roles based on how they
relate to interact with a cloud and its hosted IT resources.
• Cloud Provider
• The organization that provides cloud-based IT resources is the cloud
provider.
• Cloud provider is responsible for making cloud services available to
cloud consumers, as per agreed SLA guarantees.
• Cloud Providers does required management and administrative tasks.

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Roles and Boundaries
• Cloud Consumer
• A cloud consumer is an organization (or a human) that has a formal
contract or arrangement with a cloud provider to use IT resources
made available by the cloud provider.

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Roles and Boundaries
• Cloud Service Owner
• The person or organization that legally owns a cloud service is called a
cloud service owner.
• The cloud service owner can be the cloud consumer, or the cloud
provider that owns the cloud within which the cloud service resides.
• Example 1: Consider the Spotify application is hosted in amazon web
services (AWS) and the end users are accessing the application.
• Here the cloud service owner is Spotify and cloud provider is AWS.

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Roles and Boundaries
• Example 2: Consider the Amazon Prime video streaming platform is
hosted in Amazon Web Services (AWS) and the end users are
accessing the platform.
• Here both the cloud service owner and cloud provider is AWS.
• Example 3: Consider Bob is having an application that converts PDF
files to word files. The application is hosted in AWS.
• Here the cloud service owner is Bob, cloud provider is AWS, and the
users accessing the conversion service is cloud consumers.

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Roles and Boundaries

A cloud provider becomes a cloud

service owner if it deploys its A cloud consumer can be a cloud
own cloud service, typically for service owner when it deploys its own
other cloud consumers to use. service in a cloud.
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Roles and Boundaries
• Cloud Resource Administrators
• A cloud resource administrator is the person or organization
responsible for administering a cloud-based IT resource.
• The cloud resource administrator can be the cloud consumer or cloud
provider of the cloud.
• You can also hire a third party to manage your cloud resources.

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Roles and Boundaries

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Additional Roles
• Cloud Auditor–A third-party (often accredited) that conducts
independent assessments of cloud environments and assumes the role
of the cloud auditor.
• Cloud auditor’s role is to provide an unbiased assessment of a cloud
environment to help strengthen the trust relationship between cloud
consumers and cloud providers.
• Cloud Broker–is a party that assumes the responsibility of managing
and negotiating the usage of cloud services between cloud consumers
and cloud providers.

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Additional Roles
• Cloud Carrier–The party responsible for providing the wire-level
connectivity between cloud consumers and cloud providers assumes
the role of the cloud carrier.

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Organizational Boundary

Organizational boundaries of a cloud consumer (left), and a

cloud provider (right), represented by a broken line notation.

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Trust Boundary
• When an organization
assumes the role of cloud
consumer to access
cloud-based IT resources,
it needs to extend its trust
beyond the physical
boundary of the
organization to include
parts of the cloud An extended trust boundary encompasses the organizational
boundaries of the cloud provider and the cloud consumer.
environment.
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Cloud Characteristics
• The following six specific characteristics are common to most cloud
environments:
1. On-demand usage
2. Ubiquitous access
3. Multitenancy (and resource pooling)
4. Elasticity
5. Measured usage
6. Resiliency
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Multitenancy

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Resiliency

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Cloud Delivery Models
• Three common cloud delivery models have become widely established
and formalized: • Storage-as-a-Service
• Database-as-a-Service
1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) • Security-as-a-Service
2. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) • Communication-as-a-Service
3. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) • Integration-as-a-Service
• Testing-as-a-Service
• Process-as-a-Service
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Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
• Infrastructure-centric IT resources that can be accessed and managed
via cloud service-based interfaces and tools.
• This environment can include hardware, network, connectivity,
operating systems, and other raw IT resources.
• IaaS environment provide cloud consumers with a high level of
control and responsibility over its configuration and utilization.
• Virtual servers are leased by specifying server hardware requirements,
such as processor capacity, memory, and local storage space

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Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

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Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
• The PaaS delivery model represents a pre-defined “ready-to-use”
environment comprised of already deployed and configured IT
resources.
• Set of pre-packaged products and tools used to support the entire
delivery lifecycle of custom applications.
• In PaaS, the cloud consumer is spared the administrative burden of
setting up and maintaining the bare infrastructure of IT resources.
• The cloud consumer is granted a lower level of control over the
underlying IT resources
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Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

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Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
• A software program hosted in cloud and made available as a “product”
represents the typical profile of a SaaS offering.
• A cloud consumer is generally granted very limited administrative
control over a SaaS implementation.
• Gmail, Spotify, Amazon Prime, Netflix are all the examples for SaaS
Platform.
• The user cannot configure the environment but can manages their data
user the platform.

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Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

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IaaS vs. PaaS vs. SaaS

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Cloud Deployment Models
• A cloud deployment model represents a specific type of cloud
environment, primarily distinguished by ownership, size, and access.

• There are four common cloud deployment models:

1.Public cloud
2.Community cloud
3.Private cloud
4.Hybrid cloud

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Public Clouds
• A public cloud is a publicly accessible cloud environment owned by a
third-party cloud provider.
• The IT resources on public clouds are usually provisioned via the
previously described cloud delivery models.
• The cloud provider is responsible for the creation and on-going
maintenance of the public cloud

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Community Clouds

• A community cloud is like a public cloud except that its access is

limited to a specific community of cloud consumers.

• The community cloud may be jointly owned by the community

members or by a third-party cloud provider

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Private Cloud
• A private cloud is owned by a single organization.

• Private clouds enable an organization to use cloud computing

technology as a means of centralizing access to IT resources by
different parts, locations, or departments of the organization.

• The actual administration of a private cloud environment may be

carried out by internal or outsourced staff.

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Hybrid Cloud

• A hybrid cloud is a cloud environment comprised of two or more

different cloud deployment models.

• Cloud consumer may choose to deploy cloud services processing

sensitive data to a private cloud and other, less sensitive cloud services
to a public cloud.

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 End of Module 1

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