Before We Start

Let’s Play A Game!

Guess the Word
 Game Mechanics
• Form a team with at least 7 members.
• Each team has 5 mins.
• A member will be given a card that has a word that they have to
act for the other members to guess.
• If they guess the word, another member will have to act for the
next word.
• The members can say “Pass” if they can’t guess the word, but
their time would get reduced by 10 seconds.
• The team with the most guessed word in 5 mins will be the
winner.
Ready?
Thanks for Playing!
UNDERSTANDING
SOURCES

GROUP 3 LESSON 2
 OUTLINE OF TOPICS

Primary Sources What Are Sources? Secondary Sources

WHY ARE SOURCES
IMPORTANT?
Gottschalk (1950) in his work, Understanding History discusses
the importance of sources for the historian’s work:

It is from historical sources that our history is studied and written.

But in analyzing them, several methodologies and theories were
used by historians to properly study history and glean from the
sources what is, for them, a proper way of writing history to
enhance and disseminate national identity.
HISTORICAL SOURCES

Historical source is an original

source that contains important
historical information. These
sources are something that inform us
about history at the most basic level,
and are used as clues in order to
study history.
WHAT IS A SOURCE?
 WHAT IS A
SOURCE?

A place, person, or thing from which something

originates or can be obtained.
 PRIMARY SOURCES

Primary sources are materials produced by people or groups

directly involved in the event or topic being studied. These people
are either participants or eyewitnesses to the event. These sources
range from eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters, legal documents,
official documents (government or private), and even
photographs.
EXAMPLE: 1. Photographs that may reflect social
conditions of historical realities and everyday
life.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/event/Philippine-Revolution Source: https://www.britannica.com/event/Philippine-American-War

EXAMPLE: 2. Old sketches and drawings that may
indicate the conditions of life of societies in the
past.

Source: https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/ Source: https://www.sutori.com/en/story /history-of-the-

philippines--oyKGGY4855nGACknk3ac65Tu
EXAMPLE: 3. Old maps that may reveal how space and
geography were used to emphasize trade routes,
structural build-up, etc.

Manila old map Negros Occidental old map

Source: https://1898.mforos.com/1026847/5310827-mapa-de-manila/ Source: https://www.oldmapsonline.org/map/rumsey/1054.021

 EXAMPLE: 4. Cartoons for political expression or
propaganda.

Political Cartoon

Source: https://www.dailynews.com/2019/07/29/a-bipartisan-effort-to-pick-your-pocket-political-cartoons/ Source: https://www.oldmapsonline.org/map/rumsey/1054.021

EXAMPLE: 5. Materials evidence of the prehistoric past
like cave drawings, old syllabaries, and ancient
writings.

Cave Drawings Ancient Writings

Source: https://6thsocialstudiesmcginty.blogspot.com/2014/11/ancient-
Source: https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/prehistory-periods-cave-art-of-prehistoric-man
egyptian-writing.html
EXAMPLE: 6. Statistical tables, graphs, and charts.

United States Dollar(USD) To Philippine Peso(PHP) on 25 Jan

2023 (25/01/2023) Exchange Rates

Source: https://usd.fxexchangerate.com/php-2023_01_25-exchange-rates-history.html
 7. Oral history or recordings by electronic means of
EXAMPLE: accounts of eyewitnesses or participants; the recordings
are then transcribed and used for research.

1956 High School Exchange Students in USA Debate on Prejudice: Philippines, Japan, UK, Indonesia

Source: https://youtu.be/TsL3HYz_TFw?si=WaL5P6gXPdFMiPji
EXAMPLE: 8. Published and unpublished primary documents,
eyewitness accounts, and other written sources.

Source: https://jewishjournal.com/online/307823/this-document-recorded-
Source: https://www.carters.com.au/index.cfm/item/1331856-an-extensive-archive-of- holocaust-atrocities-and-allowed-survivors-to-remarry/
surviving-unpublished-short-stories-and/
 SECONDARY SOURCES

Gottschalk simply defines secondary sources as “the

testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness-that is of
one who was not present at the event of which he tells”.
These are books, articles, and scholarly journals that
had interpreted primary sources or had used them to
discuss certain subjects of history.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF
SECONDARY SOURCE?
 PURPOSE:
A secondary source contains commentary or discussion about a primary source. The
most important feature of secondary sources is that they offer an interpretation of
information gathered from primary sources. Common examples of a secondary
source are:
• Biographies
• Indexes, Abstracts, Bibliographies (used to locate a secondary source)
• Journal Articles
• Literary Criticism
• Monographs written about the topic
• Reviews of books, movies, musical recordings,. works of art, etc.
WHAT IS THE DISTINCTION &
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PRIMARY & SECONDARY
SOURCE?
 DIFFERENCE:

Primary sources provides raw information and first-hand evidence. Examples include
interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. Primary research gives you direct
access to the subject of your research.

Secondary sources provides second-hand information and commentary from other

researchers. Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic books. Thus,
secondary research describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources.

Primary sources are more credible as evidence, but good research uses both primary and
secondary sources.
 DIFFERENCE:

Primary sources are first hand sources; secondary sources are second-hand
sources.

For example, suppose there had been a car accident. The description of the
accident which a witness gives to the police is a primary source because it
comes from someone who was actually there at the time. The next day's
newspaper story is a secondary source because the reporter who wrote the
story did not actually witness the event. The reporter is presenting a way of
understanding the accident or an interpretation.
 DISTINCTION:
However, the distinctions between primary and secondary sources can be ambiguous.

It is important to remember that you cannot determine whether a source is primary or

secondary solely based on the document type. An individual document may be a
primary source in one context and a secondary source in another.
Additionally, time can be a defining element. For example, a recent newspaper article is
not usually a primary source; but a newspaper article from the 1860's may be a primary
source for United States Civil War research.
AT PRESENT, HOW DO YOU DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN
CONTRADICTING REPORTS OF A SINGLE EVENT FROM
DIFFERENT SOURCES?​

When you are analysing a source, it is helpful to

compare what information it provides when compared
with other sources. This helps you to more successfully
evaluate your sources, especially in regards to their
accuracy.
 WHY SHOULD OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE
GOVERNMENT BE MADE ACCESIBLE TO THE PUBLIC?

It will serve as a source, allowing people to seek and receive public

documents serves as a critical tool for fighting corruption, enabling
citizens to more fully participate in public life, making governments
more efficient, encouraging investment, and helping persons
exercise their fundamental human rights.
 WHICH IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE AND SECONDARY
SOURCE?

Robert B. Fox. The Tabon Caves: Archeological Explorations and Excavations on Palawan Island, Philippines (Manila, 1970) p.
40

Tabon Man – During the initial excavations of Tabon Cave, June and July, 1962, the scattered fossils bones of at least three
individuals were excavated, including a large fragment of a frontal bone with the brows and portions of the nasal bones. These
fossil bones were recovered towards the rear of the cave along the left wall. Unfortunately, the area in which the human fossil
bones were discovered had been disturbed by Magapode birds. It was not possible in 1962 to establish the association of these
bones with a specific flake assemblage. Although they were provisionally related to either Flake Assemblage II and III for only
the flakes of this assemblage have been found to date in this area of the cave. The available data would suggest that Tabon
Man may be dated from 22,000 to 24,000 years ago. But only further excavations in the cave and chemical analysis of human
and animal bones from disturbed and undisturbed levels in the cave will define the exact age of the human fossils.
The fossil bones are those of Homo sapiens. These will from a separate study by a specialist which will be included in the final
site report for Tabon Cave. It is important, however, because of a recent publication (scott, 1969), that a preliminary study of
the fossil bones of Tabon Man shows that it is above average in skull dimensions when compared to the modern Filiino. There
is no evidence that the Tabon Man was “… a less brainy individual….” (Scott, 1969) p36. Moreover, Scott’s study includes many
misstatements about the Tabon Caves, always the problem when writers work from “conservations”.
 WHICH IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE AND SECONDARY
SOURCE?

•William Henry Scott. Prehistoric Source Materials for the study of Philippine History (revised Edition) Quezon City, 1984.pp14-
15.

Tabon Man – The earliest human skull remains known in the Philippines are the fossilized Fragments of a skull and jawbone of
three individuals who are collectively called “ Tabon Man” after the place where they were found on the west coast of Palawan.
Tabon Cave appears to be a kind of little Stone Age factory: both finished tools and waste cores and flakes have been found at
four different levelsin the main chamber. Charcoal left from cooking fires has been recovered from three of these assemblages
and dated by C-14 to roughly 7,000 BC , 20,000 BC with an earlier level lying so far below these that it must represent Upper
Pleistocene dates like 45 to 50 thousand years ago… Physical anthropologist who have examined the Tabon skullcap are agreed
that it belonged to modern man – that is, Homo sapiens as distinguished from those mid- Pleistocene species nowadays called
Homo erectus. Two experts have given the further opinion that the mandible is “Australian” in physical type, and that the
skullcap measurements are mostly nearly like those of Ainus and Tasmanians. What this basically means is that Tabon Man was
“pre-Mongoloid” Mongoloid being the term anthropologist apply to the racial stock which entered Southeast Asia during the
Holocene and absorbed ealier peoples to produce the modern Malay, Indonesians, Filipino, and Pacific peoples popularly- and
unscientifically – called. “the brown race.” Tabon Man presumably belonged to one of those earlier peoples, but, if decently
clothed in flesh, T-shirts and blue jeans, might pass unnoticed in Quiapo today, whatever his facial features are concerned,
nothing can be said about the color of his skin or hair, or the shape of his nose or eyes – except one thing: Tabon Man was not a
Negrito.
IF YOU ARE AN AUTHOR,
HOW WILL YOU KNOW IF
THE SOURCES THAT YOU
HAD ARE CREDIBLE AND
VALID?
 IN EVALUATING THE VALIDITY AND
CREDIBILITY OF SOURCES, CONSIDER:

• How did the author know about the given details? Was the author present at the event?

• How soon was the author able to gather the details of the even

• Where did the information come from? Is it a personal experience, an eye witness account, or
a report made by another person?

• Did the author conclude based on a single source, or on many sources of evidence?
 IN EVALUATING THE VALIDITY AND
CREDIBILITY OF SOURCES, CONSIDER:

If the evaluation of an available source shows any

indication that it is an interpretative work rather than a
factual firsthand account, it is considered as a
secondary source.
 IN EVALUATING THE VALIDITY AND
CREDIBILITY OF SOURCES, CONSIDER:
 END

GROUP 3 LESSON 2
QUIZ
Instructions: Using the Venn diagram below, compare and contrast the
characteristics of Primary & Secondary Sources.

Primary Secondary