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Week 1 - D

This chapter discusses the kinematic concepts of position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration for particles moving in straight lines (rectilinear motion) or curved paths (curvilinear motion). Key aspects covered include: - The definitions and relationships between displacement, velocity, acceleration, time, and position for rectilinear motion under constant acceleration. - The three general kinematic equations relating these quantities: v = ds/dt, a = dv/dt, a ds = v dv. - The specific constant acceleration equations: v = vo + at, s = so + vot + (1/2)at^2, v^2 = vo^2 + 2as. Examples and practice problems

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Basit Ali
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17 views16 pages

Week 1 - D

This chapter discusses the kinematic concepts of position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration for particles moving in straight lines (rectilinear motion) or curved paths (curvilinear motion). Key aspects covered include: - The definitions and relationships between displacement, velocity, acceleration, time, and position for rectilinear motion under constant acceleration. - The three general kinematic equations relating these quantities: v = ds/dt, a = dv/dt, a ds = v dv. - The specific constant acceleration equations: v = vo + at, s = so + vot + (1/2)at^2, v^2 = vo^2 + 2as. Examples and practice problems

Uploaded by

Basit Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER-12

KINEMATICS OF A PARTICLE
KINEMATICS OF A PARTICLE

• Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion


• Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion
• General Curvilinear Motion
• Curvilinear Motion: Rectangular Components
• Motion of a projectile
• Curvilinear Motion: Normal & Tangential Components
• Curvilinear Motion: Cylindrical Components
• Absolute Dependent Motion Analysis of Two Particles
• Relative Motion Analysis of Two Particles
INTRODUCTION
MECHANICS
(concerned with the state of rest or
motion of bodies subjected to the
action of forces )

STATICS DYNAMICS
(concerned with equilibrium of (Deals with the accelerated
a body that is either at rest or motion of a body)
moves with constant velocity)

KINEMATICS KINETICS
(deals only with the geometric aspects of (analysis of forces causing the
motion without regard to the forces which motion)
produce that motion)

In this chapter we will study the geometric aspects of the motion of a


particle
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION

• A particle has a mass but negligible size and shape


• Thus our applications will be limited to those objects that have dimensions
that are of no consequence in the analysis of motion
• In most problems, one is interested in bodies of finite size, such as rockets,
projectiles or vehicles.
• Such objects may be considered as particles provided motion of the body is
characterized by motion of its mass center and any rotation of the body is
neglected.
• A particle can move along either a straight or a curved path.
• Rectilinear motion is the motion of a body along a straight line
• The kinematics of this motion is characterized by specifying, at any
given instant, the particle’s position, velocity and acceleration.
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION

POSITION:

• The straight line path of particle will be defined using a single coordinate
axis, s
• Origin ‘O’ on the path is a fixed point, and from this fixed point the
position vector r is used to specify the location of the particle P at any
given instant.
• Since r is always along the s-axis and so its direction never changes, only
its magnitude changes, so for analytical work it is often convenient to
represent r by an algebraic scalar s, representing the position coordinate
of the particle
• The magnitude of s (and r) is the distance from O to P, and the sense (or
arrowhead direction of r) is defined by the algebraic sign of s.
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION

DISPLACEMENT:

• The displacement of the particle is defined as the change in its position.


e.g. if the particle moves from P to P’ the displacement is ∆r = r’ – r.
Using algebraic scalars to represent ∆r, we have : ∆s = s’ – s
• Here ∆s is positive since the particle’s final position is to the right of its
initial position i.e. s’>s, likewise, if the final position is to the left of its
initial position, ∆s is negative
• Displacement of a particle must be distinguished from the distance
traveled by the particle, which is always a positive scalar quantity that
represents the total length of path over which a particle travels.
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION

VELOCITY:
• If the particle moves through a displacement ∆r from P to P’ during time interval ∆t, the average velocity of the particle is:
vavg = ∆r/∆t
• If we take smaller and smaller values of ∆t, the magnitude of ∆r becomes smaller and smaller. Consequently the instantaneous
velocity is defined by :
v = lim∆t-0 (∆r/∆t) or v = dr/dt
• Representing v as an algebraic scalar, we can also write:
v = ds/dt ------------------------------(1)
• Since ∆t or dt is always positive, the sign used to define the sense of velocity is the same as that of ∆s or ds. For example, if the
particle is moving to the right, the velocity is positive, whereas if it is moving to the left, the velocity is negative.
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION

ACCELERATION:
• The average acceleration of a particle during the time interval ∆t is defined by:
aavg = ∆v/∆t
• Here ∆v represents the difference in the velocity during the time interval ∆t i.e.
∆v = v’ – v
• If we take smaller and smaller values of ∆t, the magnitude of ∆v becomes smaller
and smaller. Consequently the instantaneous acceleration is defined by :

a = lim∆t-0 (∆v/∆t) or a = dv/dt or a = d2s / dt2 ------------------(2)


• Both the average and instantaneous acceleration can be either positive or negative.
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION

VELOCITY: v = ds/dt ------------------------------(1)


ACCELERATION: a = dv/dt ------------------------------(2)

• A differential relation involving the displacement, velocity and acceleration


along the path may be obtained by eliminating the time differential dt
between equation (1) and (2).
a ds = v dv ------------------------------(3)
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION
CONSTANT ACCELERATION:
When the acceleration is constant, each of the three kinematic equations
v = ds/dt, a = dv/dt, a ds = v dv, may be integrated to obtain formulas that
relate ac, v, s and t.
Velocity as a function of Time:
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION
CONSTANT ACCELERATION:

Position as a function of Time:


RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION
CONSTANT ACCELERATION:

Velocity as a function of Position:


RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION
SUMMARY:

General Kinematic Equations:


v = ds/dt ------------------------------(1)

a = dv/dt -------------------------------(2)

a ds = v dv ------------------------------(3)

Constant Acceleration Equations:


v = v o + a ct -----------------------------(4)

s = so + vot + (1/2)act2 ----------------------(5)

v2 = vo2 + 2ac(s – so) ------------------------(6)


RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION

Examples:
12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4 and 12.5

Fundamental Problems:
F12-1, F12-6

Practice Problems:
12.7, 12.17, 12.21, 12.29, 12.31
EXAMPLE 12-1
During a test, the car shown below moves in a straight line such that
for a short time its velocity is defined by v = (3t 2+2t) ft/s, where t is in
seconds. Determine its position and acceleration when t = 3s. When
t=0, s=0.
Solution of Example 12-1

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