LET’S REVIEW!

Direction: Put a check before the items that describe Academic

Language

1. It refers to the oral, written, auditory, and

visual language proficiency required to learn
effectively in schools and academic program.
LET’S REVIEW!
Direction: Put a check before the items that describe Academic
Language

2. It does not refer to the writer/yourself as

the performer of actions.
LET’S REVIEW!
Direction: Put a check before the items that describe Academic
Language

3. It is the simple, informal language we use

when talking face to face with family members
and friends. It does not refer to the
writer/yourself as the performer of actions.
LET’S REVIEW!
Direction: Put a check before the items that describe Academic
Language

4. The facts are presented accurately,

appropriate use of words, and the use of
technical terms is applied.
LET’S REVIEW!
Direction: Put a check before the items that describe Academic
Language

5. It uses colloquial terms/words that can be

easily understood by the public.
ACTIVITY 1:
Direction: Unlock the terms being
described in the pictures thru the
help of the jumbled letters
provided in the box.
1. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

SUENTEQEC
IXLNORSMA
2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

SPEBTDLEI
AULNOROMO
3. _ _ _ _ _- _ _ _ _ _ _

SPECTDLEI
AULFFREMC
4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

COECLNLEI
AOLOHRGOC
RDORSMNPU
5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and
______________

FUENTEQECIXLPORSMA
CIOLAFSSI CATIONIFI
6. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

CPERTDTEC
AAS N O R O M O
7. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

CPERTUTEI
AAS N O R S M O
What is a text structure?
A text structure refers to the
internal organization of a text.
According to Meyer (1985), as
authors write a text a text to
communicate an idea, they will
use a structure that goes along
with the idea.
 Common
Text Structures
Chronological Order
It is also known as time
order. This structure is
organized from one point
in time to another.
Transitional Devices
 first, second, third, … next, then,
finally
 after, afterward, at last, before,
currently, during, earlier, immediately,
later, meanwhile, now, recently,
simultaneously, subsequently, then
 One of the most popular, sought-after, and expensive shoes
ever marketed are the Air Jordan shoes. The first Air Jordan
shoes were released in 1985. These shoes were not legal to
wear on the court since they did not have any white on them,
but Jordan wore them to every game anyway, getting fined
$5000 for each appearance. The next Air Jordan shoes came
out in 1986. These shoes were unique for basketball shoes,
because they were made in Italy, which gave them a luxury
feel. Two years later, the third Air Jordan shoes were
released. These were the first shoes with the visible air
pocket in the back and were the inspiration for many later
shoe designs. The Air Jordan shoe line has had a long history
of successful and noteworthy releases.
Sequence
Steps described in the
order they occur. It does
not take place in a
specific point in time.
Transitional Devices
 first, second, third, … next, then,
finally
 after, afterward, at last, before,
currently, during, earlier, immediately,
later, meanwhile, now, recently,
simultaneously, subsequently, then
 Making ice-cream is not easy. Cream and sugar have to
first be mixed in a frozen container. Ingredients may
be added at this point, if desired. The mixture must be
stirred and whipped until the cream and sugar mixture
is frozen. Depending on the equipment, this may take
as long as an hour. After the ice-cream is prepared, it
must be kept frozen until it is ready to be enjoyed.
Making ice-cream is difficult, but most people would
agree that it is worth the trouble.
Cause-Effect
This structure shows how one or
more causes led to one or more
effects. Many texts do not include
just one cause leading to one
effect– instead, there may be
several causes and several effects.
Transitional Devices
 consequently, therefore, accordingly,
as a result, because, for this reason,
hence, thus
 Fireworks are beautiful; but as with many beautiful things, they
are also dangerous. Misusing fireworks can result in property damage,
injury, and even the loss of life. Such accidents usually happen for one
of two reasons. The operators may be using poorly manufactured
products, such as fireworks with fuses that burn too quickly. A
defective firework can cause even the most skilled operator to have an
accident. Other times, however, it is the operator who is at fault. The
operator may be unskilled or distracted and make a mistake, such as
setting up an explosion sequence improperly or not accounting for
conditions in the environment, like soundproof foaming. For these
reasons even the most beautiful fireworks display can turn really ugly
really quickly.
Problem-Solution
The text structure presents a problem,
and shows how it can be (or has been)
solved. The key difference between
cause-effect and problem-solution is
that the latter always present a
solution while the former does not.
Transitional Devices
 consequently, therefore, accordingly, as a
result, because, for this reason, hence, thus
Signal Words

 Problem, need, difficulty, dilemma,

challenge, issue, answer, propose, suggest,
indicate, solve, resolve, plan
 Working on a computer may be easier and safer than
working in a mine, but it does not come without risks. Using a
computer for a long time can lead to poor eyesight, muscle
loosening, back pain, and injuries to the hands and wrists. If
you find yourself working or playing on a computer quite
regularly, take a few steps to prevent these problems. When
you are computing for a long time, take frequent breaks. Get
up and walk around every once and while. Exercise a little
bit. Take your eyes off of the computer screen. Stretch your
hands and wrists. Straighten your back. It can be hard to pull
yourself away from your computer once you get into a zone,
but your body will thank you later if you do. Make your health
a priority.
Compare-Contrast
This text structure shows how two or more
ideas or items are similar or different. The
text may use a clustered approach, with
details about one topic followed by the
details about the other. It may also show an
alternating approach, with the author going
back between the two topics.
Transitional Devices

 Similarly, like, in the same way, compared

to, likewise, but, yet, on the other hand,
nevertheless, on the contrary
 There are two types of people in this world: cat people and dog
people. Which type are you? Well, if you like a pet that is low
maintenance, you might be a cat person. Cats are easier to take care
of than dogs because cats are very independent. Since they use litter
boxes, they do not have to be taken outside to go potty like dogs. Also,
cats clean themselves while dogs need occasional baths. If you prefer a
pet that requires more attention, you may be a dog person. Most dogs
are very loyal and obedient. You can play games like fetch
or tug of war with a dog. Dogs will also alert you when someone is
outside of your home, whereas cats will usually just stay quiet. Both
cats and dogs like to be petted, and they both make excellent pets,
but it takes a certain kind of person to own them. Which kind of person
are you?
Exemplification/Classification
An exemplification paragraph develops
a general statement--the topic
sentence--with one or more specific
examples. A classification paragraph
divides things into groups, classes, or
categories. It also organizes ideas into
divisions based on criteria or standards.
Transitional Devices
 Categories, classifications, groups,
classes, elements, features, kinds,
types, varieties, methods
Another example For example Specifically

As an example For instance Such as

As evidenced by Including To illustrate

Especially In particular To show this

 There are four main levels of the Boy Scouts of America.
Boys who are in first grade or are seven years old can enter
the Tiger Cubs. Each Tiger Cub has an adult partner. Uniforms
are optional for Tiger Cubs. Scouts and adults may wear
orange Tiger T-shirts and hats. Boys who are in second grade
or are at least eight years old can join the Cub Scouts. The
Cub Scouts wear blue uniforms with blue and gold scarves.
Boys who are 11 to 17 years old can join the Boy Scouts. Boy
Scouts wear khaki uniforms that include caps, scarves, shirts,
and pants. Boys and girls who are 14 to 20 years old can join
the Venturing program. This program helps young people
develop leadership skills. Members of the Venturing program
wear green uniforms.
Persuasion
This text structure convinces
readers to agree to an
argument or claim about a
particular topic.
Transitional Devices
 To add an idea: first, second, third, next, in addition, moreover,
furthermore, besides, as well
 To give an example: for example, for instance, as an illustration, to
illustrate, as a case in point, in particular, in general, specifically
 To qualify a point: perhaps, probably, for the most part, many if not
all
 To concede a point: granted, certainly, of course, no doubt, surely,
naturally, although this may be true
 To emphasize a point: above all, in fact, especially, most importantly,
equally important, primarily, mainly, most significant
 To summarize: overall, all in all, finally, in brief, on the whole, in
summary, in other words, in conclusion
 Imagine a child as young as ten years old on the website
Facebook chatting with a grown man or grown woman. Should parents
let their children as young as ten years old be on Facebook? Parents
should not let their children or child be on Facebook because on
Facebook there are a lot of things that are said and done that a child
of that age should not be able to see. If a parent approves of a child
being on Facebook it is very inappropriate. Because that child may tell
a story about their age and someone much older may see it and think
their telling the truth and start sending them messages and the child
might not like it at all. When a child that young is on a website like
Facebook they might get excited and go overboard. For example, the
child might tell where they live, their address, and a lot more
information that is not needed. In conclusion, parents should not let
children under age child get on Facebook because many different
things can happen.
Activity:
Identify the text Structure
of the Following Texts.
1. Many people are confused about why our economy went to shambles in
2008. The crisis was actually the result of a
combination of many complex factors. First, easy credit conditions allowed
people who were high-risk or unworthy of credit to borrow, and even people
who had no income were eligible for large loans. Second, banks would bundle
these toxic loans and sell them as packages on the financial market. Third,
large insurance firms backed these packages, misrepresenting these high-risk
loans as safe investments. Fourth, because of the ease of acquiring credit and
the rapid growth in the housing market, people were buying two or three
houses, intending to sell them for more than they paid. All of these factors
created bubbles of speculation. These bubbles burst, sending the whole
market into a downward spiral, causing employers to lose capital and lay off
employees. Consumer spending then plummeted and most businesses
suffered. The economy is like a big boat, and once it gets moving quickly in
the wrong direction, it’s hard to turn it around.
2. All matter, all things can be changed in two ways: chemically
and physically. Both chemical and physical changes affect the
state of matter. Physical changes are those that do not change the
make-up or identity of the matter. For example, clay will bend or
flatten if squeezed, but it will still be clay. Changing the shape of
clay is a physical change, and does not change the matter’s
identity. Chemical changes turn the matter into a new kind of
matter with different properties. For example, when paper is burnt,
it becomes ash and will never be paper again. The difference
between them is that physical changes are temporary or only last
for a little while, and chemical changes are permanent, which
means they last forever. Physical and chemical changes both affect
the state of matter.
3. During the Revolutionary War, Americans learned just
how important friends can be. When the Americans
declared independence on July 4, 1776, they had virtually
no allies. But on February 6, 1778, after the American
victory at Saratoga, the French assisted the American
cause. The French went into deep debt helping the
Americans. The Americans would receive additional help
in June of 1779, when the Spanish joined the fight against
the British. They would secure Southern ports and supply
lines. Without the help of these allies, many more
Americans would have died in the fight for independence.
4. From airplanes to forklifts, hydraulic power is the
strength behind many amazing technologies that affect our
daily lives, even the breaks on your school bus, but how
do they work? First, fluid is rapidly released into a
chamber through a valve. As the fluid collect, the valve is
slammed shut which causes a pressure spike. Because the
chamber is sealed, the pressure has nowhere to go. The
hydraulic mechanism channels the pressure and provides
great power.
5. Having good attendance is important because
attendance determines the school’s funding. Some
students have poor attendance, and the school has tried
many ways of addressing this: teachers have talked to
parents on the phone and the school has mailed letters.
Yet, some students still maintain poor attendance. Next,
the staff will attempt to schedule
parent/teacher/administrator conferences with students
who are habitually absent. Hopefully, this will help more
students get to school everyday.
6. Different students attend various types of schools; however,
they can usually be classified as either public, private religious,
private non-religious, or alternative. Public schools are funded by
the state, and the majority of students in the United States attend
them. Private religious schools are based around a particular faith,
such as Catholicism, Judaism, and so forth. The religion is part of
the everyday lives of the students and they also learn about the
faiths. All types of private schools do not receive state funding.
Therefore, private non-religious schools are simply just that:
schools which do not receive state funding and have the ability to
make their own rules. Alternative schools can be made up of a
variety of different categories, such as the Montessori program or
technical schools. Most students who attend class in an actual
school building go to one of these types of institutions.
 7. Due to the increasing number of population
in the community, the volume of garbage has
drastically increased as well. This has greatly
concerned the people living near the riverbanks.
This has put their health in great jeopardy; thus, the
residents of Barangay Maligaya must urge the local
officials to investigate this issue in order to prevent
health problems that threat the well-being of the
residents.