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01 - 7.1 Introduction To Equilibrium

The document describes different types of chemical equilibria including: 1) Dynamic equilibrium in chemical systems which involves reversible reactions occurring at equal but opposite rates so concentrations remain constant over time in a closed system. 2) Solubility equilibrium which is reached when the concentration of dissolved solute is constant, containing both dissolved and undissolved solute. 3) Phase equilibrium including evaporation/condensation equilibrium where the gas pressure remains constant, and solid/liquid equilibrium occurring at melting/freezing points where the rates of melting and freezing are equal. 4) Chemical reaction equilibrium which can be reached in closed systems involving reversible reactions. It provides examples of calculating equilibrium concentrations using ICE charts

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162 views14 pages

01 - 7.1 Introduction To Equilibrium

The document describes different types of chemical equilibria including: 1) Dynamic equilibrium in chemical systems which involves reversible reactions occurring at equal but opposite rates so concentrations remain constant over time in a closed system. 2) Solubility equilibrium which is reached when the concentration of dissolved solute is constant, containing both dissolved and undissolved solute. 3) Phase equilibrium including evaporation/condensation equilibrium where the gas pressure remains constant, and solid/liquid equilibrium occurring at melting/freezing points where the rates of melting and freezing are equal. 4) Chemical reaction equilibrium which can be reached in closed systems involving reversible reactions. It provides examples of calculating equilibrium concentrations using ICE charts

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刘奇
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Unit 4 – Chemical Systems and

Equilibrium

7.1 Dynamic Equilibrium in


Chemical Systems
Equilibrium Systems are ….
• Dynamic (in constant motion)
• Reversible (can be approached from either direction)
• After a period of time, the
concentrations of reactants and
products are constant. Forward
(left-to-right) and reverse (right-to-
left) reactions occur at equal rates.
• The forward and reverse reactions
continue after equilibrium is attained.
• ALWAYS in a closed system, which means that matter
cannot enter or leave the system.
Types of Equilibria: Solubility Equilibrium

• reached when the concentration of the dissolved solute is


constant
• must contain both dissolved and undissolved solute at the
same time
• rate of dissolving = rate of crystallization
CaSO4(s) ↔ Ca2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
Types of Equilibria: Phase Equilibrium
• closed system
• evaporation/condensation equilibrium
• at equilibrium, the pressure
of gas remains constant

• Solid/liquid equilibrium
• established at the melting/freezing point
• at 0oC rate of melting = rate of freezing
H2O(s) ↔ H2O(l) at 0oC
Types of Equilibria: Chemical Reaction Equilibrium
• Quantitative reactions: when a chemical reaction
proceeds to completion (in an open system; molecules
are free to leave the system which prevents the reverse
reaction from occurring)
• an equilibrium can be reached in a closed system
• Example 1: N2O4(g) + heat ↔ 2NO2(g)
colourless 58 kJ/mol brown
Reversible Reactions
• an equilibrium will have the same composition whether
approached from reactants or pure products (Fig 7.6, p.
425)
N2O4(g) ↔ 2NO2(g)
Reactions at Chemical Equilibrium
• state of equilibrium is described in two ways:
a) percentage reaction: yield of product measured at
equilibrium compared with the maximum possible yield
of product.
b) equilibrium constant: aA + bB ↔ cC + dD
Keq = [C]c[D]d
[A]a[B]b
Example 1- Percentage reaction
Hydrogen-iodine system at 448oC
H2(g) + I2(g) ↔ 2HI(g)

Trials Initial system Equilibrium system


concentrations (mmol/L) concentrations (mmol/L)

H2(g) I2(g) HI(g) H2(g) I2(g) HI(g)

1 1.00 1.00 0 0.22 0.22 1.56

2 0.50 0.50 1.70 0.30 0.30 2.10

3 0 0 3.20 0.35 0.35 2.50


Example 1 Continued
For experiment 1:

Reminder: theoretical product yield is obtained from mole


ratio and stoichiometric calculations
Classes of Chemical Reactions at
Equilibrium

Description of Equilibrium Position of Equilibrium

No reaction (NR) < 1%

Reactants favoured < 50%

Products favoured > 50%

Quantitative (rxn. > 99%


proceeds to completion)
Stoichiometric calculations for reversible
reactions
• an ICE (Initial-Change-Equilibrium concentrations)
chart is used to calculate the concentrations of
reactants and products at equilibrium
Example 1
Consider the following equation:
H2(g) + F2(g) ↔ 2HF(g)
If the reaction begins with 1.00 mol/L concentrations of H2(g)
and F2(g) and no HF(g), calculate the concentrations of H2(g)
and HF(g) at equilibrium if the equilibrium concentration of
F2(g) is measured to be 0.24 mol/L
H2(g) + F2(g) ↔ 2HF(g)

Initial conc. (mol/L) 1.00 1.00 0

Change in conc.
(mol/L)
Equilibrium conc. 0.24 0.24
(mol/L)

Therefore, the concentration of H2 is M and the


Example 2
When ammonia is heated, it decomposes into nitrogen gas
and hydrogen gas according to the following equation.
2NH3(g) ↔ N2(g) + 3H2(g)
When 4.0 mol of NH3(g) is introduced into a 2.0 L rigid
container and heated to a particular temperature, the
amount of ammonia changes to 2.0 mol. Determine the
equilibrium concentrations of the other two entities.
2NH3(g) ↔ N2(g) + 3H2(g)

[ Initial conc. (mol/L) 2.00 0 0

Change in conc. (mol/L)

Equilibrium conc. (mol/L) 1.0

The concentration of N2 is 0.50 M and


the concentration of H2 is 1.5M
Homework

• Read Chapter 7.1, pg 420-431


• Worksheet, The Equilibrium Constant Expression
• Answer p. 428 # 1-5
*GO TO LESSON 7.1 (Cont’d)

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