Cell Structure

& Function

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 Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.
 Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is

capable of performing life
functions.
 Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
 Basic Cell Structures
•Cell Membrane – thin flexible barrier
around cells.
•Cell Wall – a strong layer around the cell
membrane
•Nucleus – contains the cells genetic
material and controls cell activities
•Cytoplasm – material inside the cell, NOT
including nucleus
 Two Types of Cells

•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
•A way of classifying cells

Prokaryotes Cells that lack a nucleus Bacteria, e. coli, staph

Eukaryotes (you are a Cells contain a nucleus Plants, animals, fungi,

eukaryote) AND usually specialized and many
structures called microorganisms
organelles
 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Section 7-1

Cell membrane Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles

Go to
Section:
 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
•10. True about prokaryotes
• they grow and reproduces
• they have cell membrane and cytoplasm

•11. Organelle – specialized structure in

eukaryotes that perform specific task

•12. Not all eukaryotes are large and multicellular

like us. Many are single celled organisms.
 Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria

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 Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Plant Animal

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 Interest Grabber
Section 7-2

Division of Labor
•A cell is made up of many parts with different functions that
work together. Similarly, the parts of a factory work together to
carry out different functions.

•Answer the following question.

•What would you see if you walked into a factory? What are the
functions of these things?

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Section:
FACTORY
 “Typical” Animal Cell

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 “Typical” Plant Cell

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Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
 Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell
• Double layer

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 Cell Wall
• Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells

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 CELL WALL
1. Found in plants, fungi, most prokaryotes, and
algae
2. Very outermost part of the cell
3. Provides support and protection
• 4. Made up of cellulose
(starch/carbohydrate)
THE CELL FACTORY
Inside the Cell
 Nucleus

• Directs cell activities

• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
 Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus

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 Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics

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 Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins

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 Nucleus
6. It controls most cell processes. CONTAINS THE
HEREDITARY material.
7. The material is called DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid.

• In one human cell = 3 meters of DNA

• Number of cells in body = 50 to 70 trillion
• Multiply = approximately 66 trips around the sun!!!

• 10. Chromosomes – DNA wrapped up protein (protein acts as

a spool)
11.Nucleolus – Produces ribosomes (factory workers)
12.Nuclear envelope – membrane around nucleus. Contains
nuclear pores
 Nucleus (organization)

nucleolus

protein

DNA

chromosome
Nuclear envelope
 Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface

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 Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating throughout
the cell

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 Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates

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 Organelles in the Cytoplasm
•Mitochondrion
•24. C. Converts energy (from food
produced by chloroplast) to energy the cell
can use.

•Coal Burning facility (release the energy

from the coal)

•Fire place (releasing energy from wood)

 Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell

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 Organelles in the Cytoplasm

•Golgi apparatus or Golgi body

•20. B. Stack of membranes in which
enzymes attach carbohydrates and
lipids to proteins. Golgi packages final
product and sends it to its final destination.

•Customization shop where finishing

touches are put on the product.
•
 Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes

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 Organelles in the Cytoplasm
• Lysosome
21. G. Filled with enzymes used to break
down food into particles that can be
used

• Also help to break down old

cell parts

• Custodial staff
 Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape

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 Organelles in the Cytoplasm
• Vacuole
22. E. Saclike structure that stores
material.
•
• most notably it stores water
in plants

• warehouse

•
 Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where
photosynthesis takes
place

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 Organelles in Cytoplasm
•Chloroplast
•23. A. Uses energy from the sunlight to
make energy rich food. Photosynthesis.

•Makes energy that the cell can use.

•Solar power plants