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INTRODUCTION TO
Part-1 DISCRETE SIGNALS
AND SYSTEMS

Prof. Luay Fraiwan-BME/CEN464 11/03/2023

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Signal Processing: Analog Systems

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Signal Processing: Digital Signal Processing

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CT vs DT Signals

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Representation of DT signals: Graphical

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Representation of DT signals: Functional

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Representation of DT signals: Tabular and Sequence

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Common DT Signals: impulse and step 8

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Common DT Signals: x[n]=C an

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Common DT Signals: sin/cos

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Example

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Signal Classification: Periodic
Signals

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Signal Classification: sum of 2 periodic Signals

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Signal Classification: sum of 2 periodic Signals

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Signal Classification: Energy and Power Signals

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Signal Transformations Shifting 16

Time shifting y[n]=x[n-k]

K>0 shift the signal to the right by k samples
K<0 shift the signal to the left by k-samples

Prof. Luay Fraiwan-BME/CEN464 11/03/2023

Signal Transformations Reflection 17

Reflection or time reversal y[n]=x[-n]

Reflecting with respect to n=0;

Prof. Luay Fraiwan-BME/CEN464 11/03/2023

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Signal Transformations: Time Scaling

Reflection or time reversal y[n]=x[an]

If |a|< 1 this is called up sampling (dilation)
If |a|> 1 this is called down sampling (compression)

Prof. Luay Fraiwan-BME/CEN464 11/03/2023

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Discrete Time Systems

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Example

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System Properties and LTI systems

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LTI system

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LTI system

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LTI Systems: Convolution 24

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Implementation

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Example:

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Example: Solution

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Example

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Example

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LTIL Convolution Properties

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Convolution Properties

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Example

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Causality

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Causality of LTI systems 34

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Stability

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Stability: Examples

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Systems: Difference Equation Representation

Any LTI discrete-time system can be represented as

𝑁 𝑀

∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑦 [𝑛− 𝑘]=¿ ∑ 𝑏𝑘 𝑥[𝑛−𝑘]¿

𝑘=0 𝑘=0

Recursive system ak does not equal to zero for k>0

Non recursive system has the following form:

y
Therefore, the impulse response is given by:
h

Prof. Luay Fraiwan-BME/CEN464 11/03/2023

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Examples

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Examples

Example: Show that this system can be written as y[n]-y[n-1]=x[n]

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Solution to a Linear constant Coefficient Difference
equation

Example1: for the difference equation given by:

y[n]-0.7y[n-1]+0.1y[n-2]=2x[n]-x[n-2]
Find the solution to the input x[n]=4nu[n].

Example 2: For the difference equation given find the impulse response of the
system:
y[n]-3y[n-1]-4y[n-2]=x[n]+2x[n-1]

Prof. Luay Fraiwan-BME/CEN464 11/03/2023

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Solution Example 1

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Difference Equation EX1

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Difference Equation EX1

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Difference Equation: Impulse
Response

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Difference Equation EX2

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Frequency
Domain
Representation of
DT signals: The CHAPTER 4: SECTIONS
4.3, 4.4 (4.2,4.1 IS CTFT)
Discrete Time
Fourier
Transform
(DTFT)

Prof. Luay Fraiwan-BME/CEN464 11/03/2023

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(DTFT)
• The DT Fourier transform analysis and synthesis equations are therefore:

j
X (e )   x[n]e
n  
 jn

x[n]  21  X (e j )e jn d

2
• The function X(ejw) is referred to as the discrete-time Fourier transform and
the pair of equations are referred to as the Fourier transform pair
• X(ejw) is sometimes referred to as the spectrum of x[n] because it provides us
with information on how x[n] is composed of complex exponentials at
different frequencies
• It converges when the signal is absolutely summable



n  
| x[n] | 

Prof. Luay Fraiwan-BME/CEN464 11/03/2023

Example 1: 1st Order System, Decay Power

x[n]  a nu[n], | a | 1 stable system

 Calculate the DT Fourier transform of the signal:

j
X (e )   a n

n  
u[ n ]e  jn

 Therefore: 
1
  (ae  j n
) 
n 0 1  ae  j a=0.8
 Example 2: Impulse Signal

 Fourier transform of the DT impulse signal is


F { [n]}    [
n  
n ]e  jn
1
 Example 3: Rectangular Pulse

 Consider the rectangular pulse N1=2

1 | n | N1
x[n]  
0 | n | N1
 and the DTFT is
N1
j
X (e )  e
n   N1
 jn

2 N1
e jN1
e
m 0
 jm

e j ( N1 1/ 2 ) 1  e  j ( 2 N1 1)
 j (1/ 2)
e 1  e  j
e j ( N1 1/ 2 )  e  j ( N1 1/ 2 )

e j  / 2  e  j / 2
sin( ( N1  1 / 2))

sin( / 2)
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Example 4: the impulse response for an ideal lowpass
filter (LPF)

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Filters

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Ideal Filters Frequency Response: Introduction

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DTFT: Properties

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Fourier Transform pairs

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Examples: Convolution and Frequency Response of DT
systems

Example 1 :

Find the Frequency Response of the following Ideal Delay System y[n]=x[n-nd]

Example 2-
Find the impulse response of the following system

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End of Part 1

Prof. Luay Fraiwan-BME/CEN464 11/03/2023