PROPAGANDA/

REVOLUTIONARY
MOVEMENT
Ms. Dianne

ARTRETRO
 CONTENTS

Historical Background Highlights of the

1 3 Propaganda Movement

Period of Active Revolution

2 The Propaganda Movement
4
 Historical
Background

ONE

ARTRETRO
 After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened when
the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient evidence
of guilt. This occurred on the 17 th of February. This was buttressed with the spirit of
liberalism when the Philippines opened its doors to world trade and with the coming
of a liberal leader in the person of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre.
The Spaniards were unable to suppress the tide of rebellion among the
Filipinos. The once religious spirit transformed itself into one of nationalism and the
Filipinos demanded changes in the government and in the church.
A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)
.

This movement was spearheaded mostly by the

intellectual middle-class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo
del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna,
Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro
Paterno. The objectives of this movement were to
seek reforms and changes like the following:
1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and
the Spaniards under the law.
2. To make the Philippines a colony of Spain.
3. To restore Filipino representation in the
Spanish Cortes.
4. To Filipinize the parishes.
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of
the press, assembly and for redress of
grievances.
B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement

There were three principal leaders of the

Propaganda movement. They were Jose P. Rizal,
Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena.
Here are highlights about them and what they
have done for our country.
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda was born on
June 19, 1861 at Calamba, Laguna.
He is first teacher was his mother Teodora Alonozo.
He studied at the Ateneo de Manila, started medicine at UST
and finished at the Universidad Central of Madrid. He also
studied at the University of Berlin, Leipzig and Heidelberg.
He died by musketry in the hands of the Spaniards on
December 30, 1896 on charges of sedition and rebellion
against the Spaniards.
His pen-name was Laong Laan and Dimasalang.
1. NOLI ME TANGERE.

This was the novel that gave spirit to the propaganda movement and paved the
way to the revolution against Spain. In this book, he courageously exposed the
evils in the Spanish-run government in the Philippines. The Spaniards prohibited
the reading of this novel but a lot of translations were able to enter stealthily in
the country even if it means death to those caught in possession of them. The
NOLI gave Philippine literature the immortal characters Maria Clara, Juan
Crisostomo Ibarra, Elias, Sisa, Pilosofong Tasio, Doña Victorina, Kapitana Maria,
Basilio and Crispin, Rizal had a powerful pen in the delineation of these characters.
 2. El
Filibusterismo

This is a sequel to the NOLI.

While the NOLI exposed the evils in
society, the FILI exposed those in
the government and in the church.
However, the NOLI has been dubbed
the novel of society while that of FILI
is that of politics.
3. Mi Ultimo Adios

This was a poem by Rizal while he

was incarcerated at Fort Santiago
and is one that can compare
favorably with the best in the
world.
It was only after his death when
his name was affixed to the poem.
4. SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS (On the Indolence of the Filipinos)

An essay on the so-called

Filipino indolence and an
evaluation of the reasons
for such allegations.
5. FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN AÑOS (The Philippines within a Century)

An essay predicting the increasing

influence of the US in the
Philippines and the decreasing
interest of Europe here. Rizal
predicted that if there is any other
colonizer of the Philippines in the
future, it would be the US.
6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To the Filipino Youth).

A poem Rizal dedicated to

the Filipino youth studying
at UST.
7. EL CONSEJO DE LES DIOSES (The Council of the Gods)

An allegorical play
manifesting admiration
for Cervantes.
8. JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pasig River)

Written by Rizal when he

was 14 years of age.
9. ME PIDEN VERSOS (You asked Me for Verses)

1882 and A LAS FLORES

DE HEIDELBERG (To the
Flowers of Heidelberg). Two
poems manifesting Rizal’s
unusual depth of emotion.
10. NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE LAS FILIPINAS
FOR EL DR. ANTONIO DE MORGA (Notes on Philippine
Events by Dr. Antonio de Morga): 1889

11. P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE

MANILA (P. Jacinto: Memoirs of a Student of Manila)
1882

12. DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORTE AMERICA (Diary of a

Voyage to North America)
 MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly known for his pen name of Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat and Dolores
Manapat. He was born at Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan on August 30, 1850.

His parents were Julian H. del Pilar, noted Filipino writer and Biasa Gatmaita. His brother was the
priest Fr. Toribio del Pilar who was banished to Marianas in 1872. Because there were many children in the
family, Marcelo gave up his share of his inheritance for his other brothers and sisters. Marcelo started
schooling at the school of Mr. Flores and then transferred to that of San Jose before UST. His last year in law
school was interrupted for 8 years after he had quarrel with the parish priest during a baptism at San Miguel,
Manila in 1880.

He established the Diariong Tagalog in 1883 where he exposed the evils of the Spanish government
in the Philippines and in order to avoid the false accusations hurried at him by the priests. To avoid
banishment, he was forced to travel to Spain in 1888.
 He was assisted by Fr. Serrano Laktaw in publishing a different Cathecism and Passion Book wherein
they made fun of the priests. They also made the DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN and KAIINGAT KAYO taken from
the word IGAT, a kind of snake fish caught in politics.

Upon his arrival in Spain, he replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as editor of LA SOLIDARIDAD, a paper
which became the vehicle thru which reforms in the government could be worked out. This did not last
long for he got sick and even to reach Hong Kong from where he could arouse his countrymen. He died of
tuberculosis in Spain but before he died, he asked his companions to tell his wife and children that he was
sorry he wasn’t able to bid them goodbye; to tell others about the fate of our countrymen and to continue
helping the country.

Plaridel has truly earned a niche in the history of our nation. Even today, countless streets have
been named after him. The former Kingwa has been named Plaridel, the Malolos High School is now
Marcelo H. del Pilar High School and above all, his patriotism and bravery will remain alive in our
memories.
 Writings of Marcelo H. del Pilar
1. PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of Country). Translated from the Spanish AMOR PATRIA
of Rizal, published on August 20, 1882, in Diariong Tagalog.

2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful). A humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose Rodriquez in
the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolores Manapat as pen-name
here.

3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes). Similar to a cathecism but sarcastically done
agains the parish priests, published in Barcelona in 1888. Because of this, del Pilar was called
“filibuster.” Done in admirable tone of supplication and excellent use of Tagalog.
4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God’s Goodness). Published in Barcelona, it was also like a
cathecism sarcastically aimed against the parish priests but also contains a philosophy of the
power and intelligence of God and an appreciation for and love for nature.

5. SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS (Answer to Spain on the Plea of the Filipinos).
A poem pleading for change from Spain but that Spain is already old and weak to grant any
aid to the Philippines. This poem is in answer to that of Hermenigildo Flores’ Hibik sa
Pilipinas (A Plea from the Philippines).

6. DUPLUHAN…DALIT…MGA BUGTONG (A poetical contest in narrative sequence, psalms,

riddles). A compilation of poems on the oppression by the priests in the Philippines.
7. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS (Sovereignty in the Philippines). This
shows the injustices of the friars to the Pilipinos.

8. POR TELEFONO (By Telephone)

9. PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG PUSO NG TAONG BABASA (Passion

that should arouse the hearts of the readers)
 GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA (1856-1896)

A most notable hero and genius of the Philippines, Graciano Lopez Jaena was born on
December 18, 1856 and died on January 20, 1896.
The pride of Jaro, Iloilo, he won the admiration of the Spaniards and Europeans. He
is a known writer and orator in the Philippines. He wrote 100 speeches which were published
by Remigio Garcia, former bookstore owner in Manila Filatica and which are still read up to
no by modern Filipinos. Lopez Jaena left the Philippines in 1887 with the help of Don
Claudio Lopez, a rich uncle, in order to escape punishment form his enemies and arrived at
Valencia, the center of the Republican movement of the Spaniards. He gained the
acquaintance of the high officials like Piy Margall, Morayta, Moret, Castelar, and Salmeron.
 A. The Works of Graciano Lopez Jaena

1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod). One of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years after the
Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed how some of the friars were greedy,
ambitious and immoral.

2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG (Everything is mere show).
Here Jaena explains the tragedy of marrying a Spaniard.

3. SA MGA PILIPINO...1891… A speech which aimed to improve the condition of the Filipinos to become
free and progressive.

4. TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS (An Oration to Commemorate Columbus).

A speech he delivered in Madrid on the 39 th anniversary of the discovery of America
5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MORAYTA DE LA ASSOCIACION HISPANO FILIPINO 1884. Here he praised
Gen. Morayta for his equal treatment of the Filipinos.

6. EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS LUNA Y RESURRECCION HIDALGO. A sincere expression of praise for the
paintings of Hidalgo on the condition of the Filipinos under the Spaniards.

7. AMOR A ESPAÑA O A LAS JOVENES DE MALOLOS (Love for Spain or To the Youth of Malolos). The theme is
about how girls were taught Spanish in schools and whose teachers were the governors-general of the
place.

8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINAS (Banditry in the Philippines). Jaena refuted the existence of banditry in
the Philippines and of how there should be laws on robbery and other reforms.
9. HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor in the Philippines). The triumphant exposition of Luna,
Resurrecion and Pardo de Tavera of the thesis that intellect or knowledge gives honor to
the Philippines.

10. PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS (Abolition of Taxes in the Philippines)

11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Sufferings of the Philippines). Jaena refers here to the
wrong management of education in the Philippines 1887.
 B. OTHER
PROPAGANDISTS

TWO

ARTRETRO
 ANTONIO LUNA

Antonio Luna was a pharmacist who was banished by the

Spaniards to Spain. He joined the Propaganda Movement and
contributed his writings to LA SOLIDARIDAD. Most of his works
dealt with Filipino customs and others were accusations about how
the Spaniards ran the government. His pen name was Tagailog. He
died at the age of 33 in June 1899. He was put to death by the
soldiers of Aguinaldo because of his instant rise to fame which
became a threat to Aguinaldo.
 Some of his works are:

1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve). It pictured true Filipino life.

2. SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted Themselves). A dig at a dance of the Spaniards where
the people were very crowded.
3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference or Feast). Depicts a Filipino custom which he
believed was much better than the Spanish.
4. POR MADRID (For Madrid). A denouncement of Spaniards who claim that the Philippines is
a colony of Spain but who think of Filipinos as foreigners when it comes to collecting taxes for
stamps.
5. LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The Landlady’s House). Depicts a landlady who looks for boarders
not for money but in order to get a husband for her child.
 MARIANO PONCE

Mariano Ponce became an editor-in-chief, biographer and researcher of the Propaganda

Movement. He used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning as pennames.
The common themes of his works were the values of education. He also wrote about how the
Filipinos were oppressed by the foreigners and of the problems of his countrymen. Among his
writings were:
1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN (Legend of Bulacan).
Contains legends, and folklores of his native town.
2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Beheading of Longinos).
A play shown at the plaza of Malolos, Bulacan.
3. SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the Filipinos)
4. ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-TSINA (The Filipinos in Indo-China)
 PEDRO PATERNO

Pedro Paterno was a scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist of the Propaganda
Movement. He also joined the Confraternity of Masons and the Asociacion
Hispano-Pilipino in order to further the aims of the Movement. He was the first
Filipino writer who escaped censorship of the press during the last day of the
Spanish colonization.
The following were a few of his wrtings:

1. NINAY. The first social novel in Spanish by a Filipino.

2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). Shows the importance of a

mother especially in the home.

3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS (Sampaguitas and Varied

Poems). A collection of his poems.
 JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN

Jose Ma. Panganiban hid his identity behind his penname JOMAPA. He was also known for
having photographic mind. He was a member of a number of movements for the country.
Some of his writings were:
1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Native Land)
2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life)
3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Study Plan)
4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking)
 C. Period of Active
Revolution (1896-1898)

THREE

ARTRETRO
 Historical Background

The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists. The government turned deaf ears to
these petitions; oppression continued and the church and the government became even more oppressive
to the Filipinos. The good intentions of Spain were reversed by the friars who were lording it over in the
Philippines.

Because of this, not a few of the Filipinos affiliated with the La Liga Filipina (a civic organization
suspected of being revolutionary and which triggered Rizal’s banishment to Dapitan). Like Andres Bonifacio,
Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Jose Palma, and Pio Valenzuela decided that there was no other way
except to revolt.

The gist of literature contained mostly accusations against the government and was meant to
arouse the people to unite and to prepare for independence. The Highlights of the Active Revolution The
noted leaders of this period were Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Apolinario Mabini. These are their
contributions to our country.
 ANDRES BONIFACIO

Andres Bonifacio is best known as the Father of Filipino Democracy, but more than others,
as the Father of the Katipunan because he led in establishing the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-
galanga Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK). Andres Bonifacio came from a poor family
and it is said that what he learned he got from the school of experience. He was a
voracious reader and among those he loved to read which aroused his revolutionary spirit
were the NOLI and the FILI of Rizal. He joined the La Liga Filipina founded by Rizal in 1892.
He established the Katipunan which triggered the spirit of freedom especially when Rizal
was banished to Dapitan, Mindanao. Bonifacio is better known as the great Revolutionary
rather than a writer but he also wrote things which paved the way for the revolution and
which also became part of our literature.
 Among his works were:

1. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG (What the Tagalogs Should Know)
2. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANA NG BAYAN (Obligations of Our Countrymen).
This is an outline of obligations just like the 10 commandments of God.
3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA (Love of One’s Native Land). A poem with a title similar to
that of Marcelo H. del Pilar.
4. HULING PAALAM (Last Farewell). A translation of Mi Ultimo Adios of Rizal in Tagalog.
 APOLINARIO MABINI

Apolinario Mabini is known in literature and history as the Sublime Paralytic

and the Brains of the Revolution. EMILIO JACINTO Emilio Jacinto was the
intelligent assistant of Andres Bonifacio in the establishment of the Katipuna.
He is called the Brains of the Katipunan. He edited Kalayaan (Freedom) a
Katipunan newspaper. Bonifacio withdrew his writing of the Kartilya in
deference to Jacinto’s work as secretary of the Katipunan. His Kartilya was the
one followed by the members of the organization.
 Here are few of his writings:

1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A primer book on the Katipunan)

2. LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and Darkness). A collection of essays on different subjects like
freedom, work, faith, government, love of country.

3. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). A touching ode to his mother.

4. A LA PATRIA (To My Country). His masterpiece.

His contributions to literature were writing on government society, philosophy and politics.
Here are some of his works:

1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments). This was his
masterpiece and his aim here was to propagate the spirit of nationalism.

2. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic)

3. SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino Nation)

4. PAHAYAG (News)
 Other
Revolutionists

THREE

ARTRETRO
 JOSE PALMA

Jose Palma became popular because of his Himno Nacional Filipino (The Philippine National
Anthem) which was set to music by Julian Felipe.

He was born in Tondo, Manila on June 6, 1876. His brother Rafael Palma became the president
of the UP. He joined the revolution against the Americans together with Gregorio del Pilar, the
youngest Filipino general who died during the revolution. Aside from the National Anthem, here
are his other works:

1. MELANCOLIAS (Melancholies). A collection of his poems.

2. DE MI JARDIN (In My Garden). A poem expressing one’s longings for his sweetheart.
 NEWSPAPERS
DURING
THE REVOLUTION

FOUR

ARTRETRO
In the effort of the Revolutionists to spread to the world their longings for their country,
many newspapers were put up during the Revolutionary period. They were:

1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION. Printed the decrees of the Revolutiary Government,

news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism.

2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independence). Edited by Antonio Luna and whose aim was for
Philippine Independence.

3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine Republic). Established by Pedro Paterno in

1898.

4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty). Edited by Clemente Zulueta.

 Ad astra per Aspera
"through hardships to
e

the stars"
xxxxx

ARTRETRO