Basics of Aircraft Instruments
Basics of Aircraft
INSTRUMENTS
Systems
Fig. Page
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
1 - Elements of an Instrument
Dynamic
Pressure
30
Sensing element 20
10
1
Measuring Coupling
element element
Static
Pressure
Indicating element
Fig. Page 2-5
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
2 - Elements of an Instrument
( Coupling element )
( Measuring Element )
Error Detector Amplification
(Sensing
element )
Motor Drive
M
Sensor Signal Shaping
Transducer
Feedback
Error
Corrector
X 1006
0 2 4 6 8 10
Display
( Indicating Element )
Fig. Page 2-6
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
3 – Instrument Grouping ( Basic Six )
Airspeed Vertical
Gyro Horizon
Indicator Speed
Course Turn And Slip
Altimeter
Indicator Indicator
Fig. Page 2 – 8a
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
4 – Instrument Grouping ( Basic T )
Airspeed Gyro Horizon Vertical
Indicator Altimeter
Speed
Course
Machmeter R M I
Indicator
Turn And
Slip
Fig. Page 2-8
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
6 – Gears
Amplification
And reversal
Reduction
And reversal
BI-Metal
Strip
Fig. Page 2 - 10
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
7 - Differential Gears Output
Output Input Input Output
Drive Shaft
Input Output
Ring Gear Pinion Gear
Output
Left Axle Right Axle
Input # 1 Input # 2
Differential Gears Differential Gears Carrier
Fig. Page 2 - 12
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
56 - LVDT Application
Output
Magnetic Core
Secondary Primary Secondary
Winding Winding Winding
Magnetic Beam
Pressure
Range
Fig. Page 2 - 82 Spring
64 - Basic Accelerometer Arrangements
Displacement Displacement Displacement
Cantilever
Spring
P
M M M
M
Basic
Accelerometer Mechanical Electrical
Seismic Accelerometers
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
66 - Accelerometer Function & Location
Armature
Leaf
Spring
Core
Output
Acceleration Acceleration
Accelerometers Located as Close as Possble to the Center of Gravity
Fig. Page 2 - 97
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
76 - Capsules Gauge Pressure
Sensitive
Single
Fig. Page 2 -110
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
77 - Bellows Gauge Pressure
Pressure Output
Pressure
Output
Gauge Pressure
Fig. Page 2 -110
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
78 - Bellows Absolute Pressure
Output
Pressure
B
A
Output
Pressure
A
B
Fig. Page 2 -111
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
80 - The Bourdon Tube
Bourdon tube
a
Output
Relaxed Link
Quadrant
b
Pivot
With
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Fig. Page 2 -112
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
81 - Low Gauge Pressure Indicator “Simplified”
Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure to be measured
Range
Spring
Bellows
Pivot
Fig. Page 2 -115
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
81 - Differential Gauge Pressure Indicator “Simplified”
Pressure to be measured
P2
P1
Pressure to be measured
Fig. Page 2 -116
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
82 - Absolute Pressure Indicator “Simplified”
Pressure
Vacuum P1
Sealing
Bellows
Pressure to be measured
Active Bellows
Pivot
Fig. Page 2 -117
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
84 - Differential Pressure Transmitter
Pressure
Indicator
Regulated
Pressure
P1
Restriction
Balance
Bellows Orifice
Beam
Pivot
P2
Fig. Page 2 -119
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
86 - Pressure Transmitter
Pressure
Supply Pressure
Pressure
Indicator
Regulated
Pressure
Nozzle Clearance
Restriction
Pressure to Balance
be measured Bellows Orifice
Beam
Pivot
Range Spring
Fig. Page 2 -120
-121
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
86 - Pressure Transducer
Output
Magnetic Core
Secondary Primary Secondary
Winding Winding Winding
Magnetic Beam
Pressure
Range
Fig. Page 2 -121 Spring
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
87 - The Dead Weight Tester
Weights
Gauge under test
Piston Oil
Filling cup
Calibrating Pressure Gauges
Fig. Page 2 -122
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
89 - Temperature
TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
90 - Temperature Scales
373 100 Water boils 212
273 0 Ice melts 32
0 -373 -459.4
Kelvin or absolute Centigrade Fahrenheit
Fig. Page 2 -127
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
92 - The moving coil Structure 2
N S
N S
Fig. Page 2 -129
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
93 - Temp Indicating Syst.
Indicating Element
Temperature Sensing Element
Calibrating Coil Sensing Resistor
Temperature Indicating System
Fig. Page 2 -130
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
93 - Total Air Temperature Sensor
Air Flow
Metering
Orifice
Sensing
Element
Fig. Page 2 -133
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
94 - Total Air Temperature Indicator
Total Air
Temperature
1 2.6
Air Flow
Metering OFF
Orifice
Comparato
r M
Sensing
Element
DC
Power AC
Supply
Air Data Computer
Fig. Page 2 -134
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
94 - The Thermocouple System
Junction 2
Junction 1 I1 I2
HOT Junction
I1
COLD Junction
Calibration Resistor
+
Thermocouple Leads
Fig. Page 2 -134
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
105 - Simplified altimeter
Barometric or Ground
Pressure Scale
29
30
ALTTUDE
Differential System
Fig. Page 2 -157
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
106 - Atmospheric Press. Higher Temp.
Versus Alt. B1
5 5 5
H
5000 Ft. B Lower Temp.
B2
A B C
00 00
0 0
-27 0
-27
10
10
23
23
1003
1023
270 Ft.
10
03
Sea level
10
03
1013
13
10
13
10
Fig. Page 2 -158
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
107 - Barometric Press. Correction
Indicated Indicated
Altitude Altitude
14 000 Ft. 14 000 Ft.
True Altitude
15 000 Ft. Absolute
Altitude
13 000 Ft.
Airfield Elevation
2 000 Ft.
Sea Level
Importance of Barometric Scale Correction
Fig. Page 2 -134
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
108 - Simplified Altimeter
9 1
3 1 0 00
8 2
ALT
7 Mb In. HG. 3
1 0 1 3 2 9 9 2
6 4 BARO
Set Knob Ca[sule
Static
Pressure
Fig. Page 2 -163
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
111 - Pitot and Static Sources
Stagnation Point H in feet
Static ports
FLOW V
FLOW V
Pitot Pressure
Static Source
Fig. Page 2 -171
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
112 - Effects of Wind Direction
Wind Velocity Equals 50 Knots
Indicated
Ground Speed Equals 350 Knots Airspeed
400 Knots
Wind Velocity Equals 50 Knots
Indicated
Airspeed
400 Knots
Ground Speed Equals 450 Knots
Fig. Page 2 -172
