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ARYABHATA

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ARYABHATA

476 CE–550 CE
Aryabhata (476–550 CE) was the first of the
major mathematician-astronomers from the
classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian
astronomy. His works include
the Āryabhaṭīya (which mentions that in
3600 Kali Yuga, 499 CE, he was 23 years
old) and the Arya-siddhanta.
For his explicit mention of the relativity of
motion, he also qualifies as a major early
physicist.
Education

 It is fairly certain that, at some point, he went to Kusumapura for advanced


studies and lived there for some time. Both Hindu and Buddhist tradition, as
well as Bhāskara (CE 629), identify Kusumapura as Pāṭaliputra modern Patna
 A verse mentions that Aryabhata was the head of an institution (kulapa) at
Kusumapura, and, because the university of Nalanda was in Pataliputra at the
time and had an astronomical observatory, it is speculated that Aryabhata
might have been the head of the Nalanda university as well
 Aryabhata is also reputed to have set up an observatory at the Sun temple
in Taregana, Bihar.
FAMOUS WORKS OF ARYABHATA IN
MATHEMATICS
1. Place value system and zero

 The place-value system, first seen in the 3rd-century Bakhshali Manuscript,


was clearly in place in his work. While he did not use a symbol for zero, the
French mathematician Georges Ifrah argues that knowledge of zero was
implicit in Aryabhata's place-value system as a place holder for the powers of
ten with null coefficients.
 However, Aryabhata did not use the Brahmi numerals. Continuing
the Sanskritic tradition from Vedic times, he used letters of the alphabet to
denote numbers, expressing quantities, such as the table of sines in
a mnemonic form.
2. Approximation of π

 Aryabhata worked on the approximation for pi (π), and may have come to the
conclusion that π is irrational. In the second part of
the Aryabhatiyam (gaṇitapāda 10), he writes:
caturadhikaṃ śatamaṣṭaguṇaṃ dvāṣaṣṭistathā sahasrāṇām
ayutadvayaviṣkambhasyāsanno vṛttapariṇāhaḥ.

 "Add four to 100, multiply by eight, and then add 62,000. By this rule the
circumference of a circle with a diameter of 20,000 can be approached
 This implies that for a circle whose diameter is 20000, the circumference will
be 62832, i.e 62832/20000 = 3.1416
3. Trigonometry

 In Ganitapada 6, Aryabhata gives the area of a triangle as


tribhujasya phalaśarīraṃ samadalakoṭī bhujārdhasaṃvargaḥ
that translates to: "for a triangle, the result of a perpendicular with the half-side is
the area”.
Aryabhata discussed the concept of sine in his work by the name of ardha-jya,
which literally means "half-chord". For simplicity, people started calling it jya.
When Arabic writers translated his works from Sanskrit into Arabic, they referred it
as jiba. However, in Arabic writings, vowels are omitted, and it was abbreviated
as jb. Later writers substituted it with jaib, meaning "pocket" or "fold (in a
garment)". (In Arabic, jiba is a meaningless word.) Later in the 12th century,
when Gherardo of Cremona translated these writings from Arabic into Latin, he
replaced the Arabic jaib with its Latin counterpart, sinus, which means "cove" or
"bay"; thence comes the English word sine
4.Indeterminate equations

 A problem of great interest to Indian mathematicians since ancient times has


been to find integer solutions to Diophantine equations that have the form ax
+ by = c. (This problem was also studied in ancient Chinese mathematics, and
its solution is usually referred to as the Chinese remainder theorem.).

 They were discussed extensively in ancient Vedic text Sulba Sutras, whose
more ancient parts might date to 800 BCE. Aryabhata's method of solving such
problems, elaborated by Bhaskara in 621 CE, is called the kuṭṭaka (कु ट्टक)
method. Kuṭṭaka means "pulverizing" or "breaking into small pieces", and the
method involves a recursive algorithm for writing the original factors in
smaller numbers. This algorithm became the standard method for solving
first-order diophantine equations in Indian mathematics, and initially the
whole subject of algebra was called kuṭṭaka-gaṇita or simply kuṭṭaka
5. Algebra

 In Aryabhatiya, Aryabhata provided elegant results for the summation of


series of squares and cubes:

and
FAMOUS WORKS OF ARYABHATA IN
ASTRONOMY
1. Motions of the Solar System

 Aryabhata correctly insisted that the Earth rotates about its axis daily, and that
the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation
of the Earth, contrary to the then-prevailing view, that the sky rotated. This is
indicated in the first chapter of the Aryabhatiya, where he gives the number of
rotations of the Earth in a yuga.
 Aryabhata described a geocentric model of the Solar System, in which the Sun
and Moon are each carried by epicycles. They in turn revolve around the Earth.
In this model, which is also found in the Paitāmahasiddhānta (c. 425 CE), the
motions of the planets are each governed by two epicycles, a
smaller manda (slow) and a larger śīghra(fast). The order of the planets in
terms of distance from earth is taken as: the Moon, Mercury, Venus,
the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the asterisms
 The positions and periods of the planets was calculated relative to uniformly
moving points. In the case of Mercury and Venus, they move around the Earth
at the same mean speed as the Sun. In the case of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn,
they move around the Earth at specific speeds, representing each planet's
motion through the zodiac. Most historians of astronomy consider that this
two-epicycle model reflects elements of pre-Ptolemaic Greek astronomy.
Another element in Aryabhata's model, the śīghrocca, the basic planetary
period in relation to the Sun, is seen by some historians as a sign of an
underlying heliocentric model
2. Eclipses

 Solar and lunar eclipses were scientifically explained by Aryabhata. He states


that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Instead of the
prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by Rahu
and Ketu (identified as the pseudo-planetary lunar nodes), he explains
eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth. Thus, the lunar
eclipse occurs when the Moon .enters into the Earth's shadow (verse gola.37).
 He discusses at length the size and extent of the Earth's shadow (verses
gola.38–48) and then provides the computation and the size of the eclipsed
part during an eclipse. Later Indian astronomers improved on the
calculations, but Aryabhata's methods provided the core.
 His computational paradigm was so accurate that 18th-century
scientist Guillaume Le Gentil, during a visit to Pondicherry, India, found the
Indian computations of the duration of the lunar eclipse of 30 August 1765 to
be short by 41 seconds, whereas his charts (by Tobias Mayer, 1752) were long
by 68 seconds.
3. Sidereal periods

 Considered in modern English units of time, Aryabhata calculated the sidereal


rotation (the rotation of the earth referencing the fixed stars) as 23 hours, 56
minutes, and 4.1 seconds; the modern value is 23:56:4.091. Similarly, his
value for the length of the sidereal year at 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, and
30 seconds (365.25858 days) is an error of 3 minutes and 20 seconds over the
length of a year (365.25636 days).
4. Heliocentrism

 As mentioned, Aryabhata advocated an astronomical model in which the Earth


turns on its own axis. His model also gave corrections (the śīgra anomaly) for
the speeds of the planets in the sky in terms of the mean speed of the Sun.
Thus, it has been suggested that Aryabhata's calculations were based on an
underlying heliocentric model, in which the planets orbit the Sun, though this
has been rebutted.
 It has also been suggested that aspects of Aryabhata's system may have been
derived from an earlier, likely pre-Ptolemaic Greek, heliocentric model of
which Indian astronomers were unaware, though the evidence is scant. The
general consensus is that a synodic anomaly (depending on the position of the
Sun) does not imply a physically heliocentric orbit (such corrections being also
present in late Babylonian astronomical texts), and that Aryabhata's system
was not explicitly heliocentric
CONCLUSION
 Aryabhata's work was of great influence in the Indian astronomical tradition and
influenced several neighbouring cultures through translations.
The Arabic translation during the Islamic Golden Age (c. 820 CE), was particularly
influential. Some of his results are cited by Al-Khwarizmi and in the 10th
century Al-Biruni stated that Aryabhata's followers believed that the Earth
rotated on its axis.
 Aryabhatta Knowledge University (AKU), Patna has been established by
Government of Bihar for the development and management of educational
infrastructure related to technical, medical, management and allied professional
education in his honour. The university is governed by Bihar State University Act
2008.
 India's first satellite Aryabhata and the lunar crater Aryabhata are both named in
his honour , the Aryabhata satellite also featured on the reverse of the Indian 2-
rupee note. An Institute for conducting research in astronomy, astrophysics and
atmospheric sciences is the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational
Sciences (ARIES) near Nainital, India. The inter-school Aryabhata Maths
Competition is also named after him, as is Bacillus aryabhata, a species of
bacteria discovered in the stratosphere by ISRO scientists in 2009.
THANK YOU
NAME- KARTIKESH KAILAS PADHI
CLASS- FYBCOM D
ROLL NO.- 515

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