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Control Systems

- Control systems can be classified as open loop or closed loop based on whether output is fed back to the input. Open loop systems do not have feedback, while closed loop systems do have feedback. - The key differences are that open loop systems have control action independent of the desired output, no feedback path, and are easier to design but less accurate, while closed loop systems have control dependent on desired output, a feedback path, and are more difficult but accurate. - Common mathematical models used to analyze and design control systems include differential equation models, transfer function models, block diagram representations, and signal flow graphs.

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Madhuri Potluri
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37 views28 pages

Control Systems

- Control systems can be classified as open loop or closed loop based on whether output is fed back to the input. Open loop systems do not have feedback, while closed loop systems do have feedback. - The key differences are that open loop systems have control action independent of the desired output, no feedback path, and are easier to design but less accurate, while closed loop systems have control dependent on desired output, a feedback path, and are more difficult but accurate. - Common mathematical models used to analyze and design control systems include differential equation models, transfer function models, block diagram representations, and signal flow graphs.

Uploaded by

Madhuri Potluri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Control Systems

• A control system is a system, which provides the desired response by


controlling the output. The following figure shows the simple block
diagram of a control system.
• Examples − Traffic lights control system, washing machine
Classification of control systems

Open Loop and Closed Loop Control Systems

Control Systems can be classified as open loop control systems and


closed loop control systems based on the feedback path
• In open loop control systems, output is not fed-back to the input. So, the
control action is independent of the desired output. The following figure
shows the block diagram of the open loop control system

Here, an input is applied to a controller and it produces an actuating signal or


controlling signal. This signal is given as an input to a plant or process which is
to be controlled. So, the plant produces an output, which is controlled. The
traffic lights control system which we discussed earlier is an example of an open
loop control system.
In closed loop control systems, output is fed back to the input. So, the
control action is dependent on the desired output. The following figure
shows the block diagram of negative feedback closed loop control
system.
• The error detector produces an error signal, which is the difference
between the input and the feedback signal. This feedback signal is
obtained from the block (feedback elements) by considering the
output of the overall system as an input to this block. Instead of the
direct input, the error signal is applied as an input to a controller.
• The controller produces an actuating signal which controls the plant.
In this combination, the output of the control system is adjusted
automatically till we get the desired response. Hence, the closed loop
control systems are also called the automatic control systems. Traffic
lights control system having sensor at the input is an example of a
closed loop control system.
The differences between the open loop and the closed loop
control systems

Open loop control systems Closed loop control systems


Control action is independent of the Control action is dependent of the
desired output. desired output.
Feedback path is not present. Feedback path is present.
These are also called non feed back These are also called feed back control
control systems. systems.
Easy to design. Difficult to design.
These are economical. These are costlier.
Inaccurate. Accurate.
The control systems can be represented with a set of mathematical
equations known as mathematical model. These models are useful
for analysis and design of control systems.
The following mathematical models are mostly used.
1. Differential equation model
2. Transfer function model
3. Block diagram representation
4. Signal flow graph
Differential Equation Model
Transfer Functions
• The transfer function of a linear time-invariant system is defined to be
the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output variable to the
Laplace transform of the input variable under the assumption that all
initial conditions are zero.
Block diagram Algebra
Signal flow graphs

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