Theory of Color Physics 05 Slide

WPE 307
Theory of Color Physics
Color Measurement
Introduction of color measuring instrument:
There are two types of color measurement devices:
•Colorimeters: A colorimeter “sees” color like the human eye and can
determine a color’s location in color space by quantifying the values of red,
green, and blue.
•Spectrophotometers: A spectrophotometer offers more accurate color
measurement by capturing color across the entire visible spectrum and
filtering the light into very narrow bands of color.
Principle of color measuring instrument:
•Colorimeter is a light-sensitive device that helps
certain solutions absorbs a particular wavelength of light in
colorimetry.
•It is used to measure the absorbance and transmittance of light that passes
through a liquid.
•Principle of Colorimeter is that colored compounds can absorb a certain
wavelength of light when monochromatic light is passed through them.
•The working of a colorimeter is based on the concept of
Beer-Lambert’s law.
Colorimeter:
Colorimeters are used to detect color and determine a solution’s
concentration. When a wavelength is passed through a sample, some of the
light gets absorbed and some passes through. The passing wavelengths of light
get detected.
Applications of Colorimeter:
•Colorimeter is most commonly used to determine the concentration of a
colored compound by measuring the absorbance or optical density.
•In the case of colorless compounds, a suitable reagent is introduced which
when mixed, would result in a colored compound. This is then measured in the
colorimeter against the known values of the standard solution.
•The course of a reaction can be determined in a colorimeter by measuring the
rate of formation and disappearance of the light-absorbing compound.
•Colorimeter can also act in the reverse process by which it can identify a
compound by measuring the absorption index.
Principle of Colorimeter:
The principle of Colorimeter is based on the photometric technique
that states when an incident light of intensity (I0) passes through a
solution, then
•Part of the incident light is reflected (Ir)
•Part of the incident light is transmitted (It)
•Part of the incident light is absorbed (Ia)
Therefore,
I0 = Ir + It + Ia
Here, the value of reflected light (Ir) is eliminated as I0 and It values

are enough to calculate Ia. Values for the amount of light absorbed and
transmitted are measured by keeping Ir constant. The principle of
colorimeter is based on two fundamental laws of photometry that
establish the relationship between the amounts of light absorbed and
the concentration of the substance.
Beer-Lambert’s Law:
Beer’s Law states that the amount of light absorbed is directly
proportional to the concentration of the solute in the solution.
Log10 I0/ It = asc
Where,
•as → Absorbency Index
•c → Concentration of solution
Lambert’s Law states that the amount of light absorbed are directly
proportional to the length and thickness of the solution under analysis.
A = log10 I0/It = asb
Where,
•A → Test of Absorbance
•as → Absorbance of standard solution
•b → length or thickness of the solution
Working of Colorimeter:
The working mechanism of a Colorimeter can be classified into three
major parts:
•Step I: Colorimeter has to be calibrated first by using the standard solutions of
the known concentration of the solute that is to be determined in the test
solution. The standard solutions are poured into the cuvettes which are then
placed in the sample holder.
•Step II: A beam of light of a certain wavelength specific to the assay is
directed towards the test solution. Before it reaches the test solution, it passes
through a series of lenses and filters. The lens helps in accurate navigation of
the beam of light. The filters split the incoming light into different wavelengths
and allow the required wavelength to reach the cuvette containing the test
solution.
•Step III: The monochromatic light (light of one wavelength) reaches the test
solutions and some of the light gets reflected, some would get absorbed and the
remaining would pass through the test solution and falls onto the photodetector.
The photodetector sends the pulses to the galvanometer. The galvanometer
reads the electrical signals from the detector and displays them in digital form.
The reading corresponds to the absorbance or the optical density of the test
solution.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Colorimeter:
The advantages and disadvantages of using a colorimeter are specified
below:
Advantages of Colorimeter
•Colorimeter is a cheap and efficient method of quality analysis.
•Portable colorimeters are available which makes them convenient to
use.
•Quantitative analysis of colored compounds can be easily done by
using Colorimeter.
Disadvantages of Colorimeter
•It becomes a tedious process to identify the concentration of colorless
compounds.
•Since Colorimeter measures the absorbance of wavelength only in
the visible spectrum of light (400nm to 700nm), it does not work in
the ultraviolet and infrared spectrum.
•It is not possible to set a specific wavelength; rather a range of
spectrum has to be set to measure the absorbance.
Spectrophotometers:
•A spectrophotometer is a device that is used to measure the amount
of light absorbed by a sample at different wavelengths.
•A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light that can pass
through a sample.
How a spectrophotometer work:
The simplest spectrometer includes a light source, a sample holder,
and a detector.
The light source produces the photons that will pass through the
sample. The exact type of light source will depend on the wavelength
of light needed. Depending on the source, a collimator and prism
select the correct wavelength.
Most Common Types of Spectrophotometers:
Spectrometers are generally classified based on the wavelength of
light the source is. There are two main classifications:
•UV-Vis Spectrophotometer: The UV-Vis spectrophotometer is
commonly referred to as just ‘UV-Vis’. This instrument measures
absorbance in the ultraviolet and visible range. Generally, that means
200 nm – 700 nm.
•IR Spectrophotometer: The IR spectrophotometer measures
samples using infrared light, 700-15000 nm.
Spectrophotometry Calculations:
There are a few key calculations for absorption spectroscopy.
The formula for transmission:
Here T is transmission, Lt is light intensity after passing through the
sample, and L0 is the light intensity before the sample.
The absorbance is related to the transmission by the following

formula:
Applications of Absorption Spectra:
Absorption spectra have a lot of different possible uses:
•Determining an Unknown Concentration: Absorption spectra can
be used to determine the concentration of a solution of unknown
concentration. Absorption data of a series of solutions of known
concentrations creates an absorbance curve. Then, the unknown
solution can be compared to this curve to determine the concentration.
This is also known as Beer-Lambert Law.
•Identifying a Material: Each pure material will have a unique
absorption spectrum depending on the structure of the molecule.
Therefore, an absorption spectrum helps to identify an unknown.
•Identifying Functional Groups Present: Some functional groups
will have distinct spectral signatures. Identifying these in a spectrum
can inform if that functional group is present and to test if a reaction
was successful.
Spectrophotometers:
Spectrophotometers are modern spectrometers that use a monochromatic
light that passes through a sample and a photodetector detects the output
light. The changes in the output light compared to the source light allow
the instrument to plot an output graph of the absorbed frequencies.
The graph indicates the characteristic transitions in the material sample.

They are an advanced version of the spectrometers and contain
a spectrometer and photometer combined into a single device. The
spectrometer here splits the light source into its component wavelengths
and the slit can be adjusted in such a way that the light of the required
wavelength is passed into the sample and the photometer measures the
intensity of light coming out of the sample. The sample is placed
between the spectrometer and the photometer in a spectrophotometer.
The photometer measures the amount of light that passes out of the
sample and delivers the reading in the form of voltage signals. The
voltage changes with the light absorption by the sample.
Spectrophotometers are mainly of two types:
•Single beam: In a single beam configuration, a single beam

measurement is possible at a time.
•Double beam: It requires the reference sample and test sample to be
measured separately.
In a double beam configuration, the light from the source is split

into two different beams before passing through the sample. One
beam is passed through the test sample while the other is used as a
reference beam. This configuration allows sample and reference
reading to be done simultaneously.
Computer Color Matching System (CCMS):
Computer Color Matching (CCM) is the instrumental color
formulation based on recipe calculation using the spectrophotometric
properties of dyestuff and fibers.
•Generally garment buyer gives a fabric sample swatch or Pantone

number of a specific shade to the garment manufacturer.
•Then the manufacturer gives the fabric sample to
lab dip development department to match the shade of the fabric.
After getting the sample they analyze the color of the sample
manually.
•It is a laborious, time-consuming and critical task and needs skills
and expertise of the personnel developing the lab dip.
•On the other hand, to save time and money, they can use computer
color matching system (CCMS).
The basic three things are important in CCMS:
•Color measurement Instrument (Spectrophotometers).
•Reflectance (R %) from a mixture of Dyes or Pigments applied in a
specific way.
•Optical model of color vision to closeness of the color matching (CIE
L*A*B).
•Functions of Computer Color Matching System:
The following works can be done by using CCMS –
•Color match prediction.
•Color difference calculation.
•Determine metamerism.
•Pass/Fail option.
•Color fastness rating.
•Cost Comparison.
•Strength evaluation of dyes.
•Whiteness indices.
•Reflectance curve and K/S curve.
•Production of Shade library.
•Color strength
Thanks to all

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WPE 307

Theory of Color Physics

Here, the value of reflected light (Ir) is eliminated as I0 and It values

The absorbance is related to the transmission by the following

The graph indicates the characteristic transitions in the material sample.

•Single beam: In a single beam configuration, a single beam

In a double beam configuration, the light from the source is split

•Generally garment buyer gives a fabric sample swatch or Pantone

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