C LANGUAGE

BRIEF HISTORY OF C
1. ALGOL (Algorithm Language) 1960 –
great influenced many other languages
and was the standard method for
algorithm.
2. CPL (Combined Programming
Language) 1963 – Multi paradigm
programming language.
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3. BCPL (Basic Combined Programming
Language) 1967 – developed by Martin
Richards, this language turns strongly
influenced to the development of the next
language.
4. B (1970) – written and developed by Ken
Thompson at the Bell Lab. for the first unit
system.

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5. C (1972) – expansion of B.
- a programming language designed by
Dennis Ritchie at Bell Telephone Lab.
6. Turbo C (1987) – A particular version is
designed to run on various micro
computers system namely those that MS
DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)
uses of C.
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USES OF C

1. OPERATING SYSTEM
2. INTERPRETERS
3. EDITORS
4. ASSEMBLERS
5. COMPILERS
6. DATABASE MANAGER
7. NETWORK DEVICES
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DEFINITION OF TERMS

a. Interpreters – reads the source code of

your computer one time and perform the
specific instruction contained in that line.
b. Compilers – reads the entire program and
converts into a form that can be directly
executed by the computer.
c. Compile time – refers to the events that
occur during the compilation process.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
d. Source code – the text of a program that a
user can commonly thought of as a program.
e. Library – collection of pre-written
f. Run time – refers to the events that occur while
the is actually executing.
- errors detected during execution time.
g. Syntax – Grammatical mistakes in your
program.
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COMPONENTS OF TURBO C
1. Editor – used to create/edit a program
source code.
2. Compilers – used to convert source code
into binary code.
3. Debugger – used for testing program and
locating programming errors.

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C PROGRAMMING STRUCTURES
<#include directive>
<#define directive>
<variable declaration section>
main()
{ */Beginning of a program*/
Body/Statements;
getch();
}*/Ending of a program*/
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EXAMPLE:
<#include stdio.h> OUTPUT: Hello World
main()
{
clrscr();
print f(“Hello World”);
getch();
}
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a. #include directive – consist information
needed by the program to ensure the correct
operation of turbo C is the standard library
function.
b. #define directive – use the shorten the
keywords in program.
c. Variable declaration section – it is the
place where you declare your variable.
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d. Body of a program – start by typing
main() and the { and } (open and close)
brace – all statements should be written
side and parenthesis.
Note: Turbo C is a case sensitive program
therefore use lower case letter only.

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COMMONLY USED INCLUDE FILES IN C
LANGUAGE
1. alloc.h - non-standard header
2. conio.h – console input output.header
3. stdio.h – standard input out. Header
4. string.h – String header

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IMPORTANT SYMBOLS IN TURBO C
a. \n – a line character used to move the
cursor to the next line.
b. ‘ ‘– single quote is used for single
character letter.
c. “ “ – double quote is used for two or
more characters.
d. { - open curly bracket signifies begin.
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IMPORTANT SYMBOLS IN TURBO C
e. } – close curly bracket signifies end.
f. & - address operation, ampersand.
INPUT/OUTPUT STATEMENTS
1. Input statement – a statement used to
input a single character or a sequence of
characters from a keyboard.
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 Scan f – it needs the control string codes in
able upon inputting.
2. Output Statement – a statement used
to display the argument list on the monitor.
It sometimes, needs the control string

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LIST OF COMMONLY USED FORMAT SPECIFIERS
1. %c – used for single character in c
language. Ex: scanf(“%c”,&num);
printf(“%d”,num);
2. %d – used for integer number.
Ex: scanf(“%d”, &num);
printf(“%d”, num);
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3. %e – used for specific notation
Ex: scanf(“%e”, &result);
printf(“%e”, result);
4. %If – used decimal number
Ex: scanf(“%If”, &one);
printf(“%If”, one);
5. %f – used for number with floating
Ex: scanf(“%f”, &pesos);
printf(“%f”, pesos);
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6. %o – used for octal number
Ex: scanf(“%o”, &value);
printf(“%o”, value);
7. %s – used for string of character
Ex: scanf(“%s”, &str);
printf(“%s”, str);
8. %u – used for unsigned numbers.
Ex: scanf(“%u”, &nos);
printf(“%u”, nos);
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9. %x – used for hexadecimal number
Ex: scanf(“%x”, &nos);
printf(“%x”, nos);
10. %% - used for percent sign
Ex: scanf(“%%”, &value);
printf(“%%”, value);

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LIST OF COMMONLY USED ESCAPE SEQUENCE
a. \\ - print backslash
b. \’ – print single quote
c. \” – print double quote
d. \n – print next line
e. \? – print question mark
f. \b – print backspace
g. \f – print form speed
h. \t – horizontal tab
i. \v – vertical tab 22
 Arithmetic
Symbol Example
Operations
◦Multiplication * A*B
◦Division / X/Y
◦Addition + int 1 + int 2
◦Subtraction C-O
-
◦Exponentiation C^2
^

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 RELATIONA
Symbol Example
L OPERATOR
◦Greater than > A>B
◦Less than < X<Y
◦Equal to == int 1 == int 2
◦Not Equal to net <> gross
<>
◦Greater than or Pay 1 >= Pay 2
>=
equal to
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