OT

Introduction :
• The majority of surgical instruments are made up of stainless steel
though some instruments are made of titanium or vitallium---a
cobalt base alloy.
• Stainless steel instruments are most commonly used.
• Stainless steel is an alloy of iron ,chromium & carbon.
• It also contain nickel or manganese to add tensile strength & also
to prevent corrosion .
• Carbon component of the stainless steel gives the hardness.
Chromium makes the stainless steel resistant to corrosion.
• Instruments must be used for the proposes they are intended for.
• Also necessary care should be taken before & after the use of the
instruments as per the direction of their manufacturer.
• Instruments are classified according to their functions of use:
a) Cutting & dissecting instruments
• These instruments are used for incising or dissecting tissues.
• They have sharp edges.
• They are also called sharp instruments because of their sharp edges.
• Sharp instruments are kept separated from the other instruments.
• These instruments needs caution handling to prevent accidental cuts
or injuries during uuse.
• These instruments never boiled or autoclave for sterilization to
protect their sharpness because heat ,especially moist heat destroy
their sharpness & make them blunt.
 These instruments are sterilized by chemical method-------keeping
them submerged in chemical solutions for a prescribed period.
• Bard parker (BP) handle & blade.
• Knife
• Scalpel
• Scissors
Bard parker handle or scalpel blade :
• It is a handle to hold blades at the
distal end .
• Its proximal end is flat & round.
• It has a shaft.
• Part of the shaft is serrated to
have a better grip.
• Its distal end is narrow which has
got a slunt dent in which the blade
is fixed.
• B.P handles vary in size.
Bard parker Blades :
• Bard parker Blades BP blades also
vary in size & shapes.
• The blades usually have curved
cutting edges .
• Blades are held in dinner knife
position or writing position used for
incision on
skin ,fascia ,muscles ,peritoneum
etc.
• Following are the sizes & shapes of
the blades.
• No: 10 blade fits on B.P handle no.
3 ,7 & 9.it is most commonly used.
• No: 11 blade has a straight cutting
edge ,which ends to a sharp point ,it
also fits on B.P handle no. ,& & 9.
• No:12 blade has a hook like shape
with the cutting edges on the inner
curvature. it also fits on BP handle
no: 3 ,7 & 9.
• No:15 blade has a smaller & shorter
curved cutting edge on the inner
curvature.
• No:20 blade has a shape like no.10
blade ,bit it is bigger in size ,it fits on
BP handle no: 4.
Surgical knife :
• It is like a kitchen knife with usually a
brass handle.
• Its edge runs along one side till the
tip.
• The tip is pointed or blunt.
• Knives are used for cutting or
dissecting skin or tissues.
• There is special knife which is called
Humby's or Blair’s knife.
• These knife are specially designed for
obtaining a skin graft.
Skin grafting knife:
• Made of stainless steel. It
consists of a handle and stem,
on which is mounted and
adjustable roller.
• It is used for taking split skin
grafts used for coverage of raw
surface composed of healthy
vascularized or clean
granulations to obtains healing
and limit deformity and
disability .
Scissors :
• Scissors are used for cutting
the tissues in various
structures.
• Scissors are used for cutting
sutures ,ligatures ,gauze ,dressi
ng pads ,bandages etc.
• Pointed tip scissor are also
used for removing sutures.
• Scissors may be straight ,curved or angled with blunt or
pointed tips.
• The handles may be short or long .
• Different types of scissors are mentioned below:
• Fine scissors are used to cut delicate tissues.
• Heavy scissors are used to cut tough tissues.
• Short shaft scissors are used for cutting superficial
structures or tissues.
• Long shaft scissors are used to reach & cut inner or under
structures.
• Sutures scissors have blunt tips to prevent cut or injury on the
body structures near suture.
• These are used to cut suture or ligament after stitching or ligating.
• Dressing or bandage scissor are used to cut gauze
pieces ,dressing ,drains or plastic packets.
Straight pointed tip scissor & Angled tip
scissor
• Straight pointed tip scissor Angled
tip scissor Straight or curved
pointed tip scissors are used for
removing the sutures from the
surgical wound after its healing.
• angled tip scissors, with a blunt tip
on the bottom blade, which helps
in cutting bandages. The bottom
blade of the scissor is longer and
goes easily under the bandages.
The blunt tip design of the scissor
prevents accidental injury
Curved tip scissor Broad tip scissor :

• These are the surgical scissors

used to cut the ends of catgut
during surgery
• They are small in size .
Mayo straight or curved tip scissor :
• Mayo’s straight or curved
scissors are smooth at the
tips & are used for cutting
tissues & internal organs.
Metzenbaum scissor :
• Metzenbaum scissors are
surgical scissors designed for
cutting delicate tissue. The
scissors come in variable lengths
and have a relatively long They
are constructed of tungsten
carbide blades can be curved or
straight. The blade tips are
blunt.
Lister scissor :
• Lister scissor designed for the
cutting of bandages that are in place
on the patient.
• The blades take a 45° angle at the
pivot so that they can be inserted
under the bandage and leave the
knuckles of the cutting hand clear of
the patient.
• The lower blade has a rounded,
blunt end to facilitate entry under
the bandage without catching the
blade.
Nelson scissor :
• Nelson scissor blunt-pointed,
curved or straight-bladed,
long-handled scissors designed
for thoracic surgery.
Mc indoe scissor :
• Mc indoe scissor The McIndoes
Scissor Straight are used in
Tissue and cartilages
Dissection
B.Forceps
a) rampley’s sponge holding forceps :
• It is known as a sponge holder.
• It is a heavy instrument which is
approximately 24-72 cm long.
• Its shaft are long blades & are
fenestrated at the tips.
• The inner sides blades are
serrated so as to provide a firm
grip on an object & prevent
from slipping.
• It has a catch lock.
Rampley’s sponge holding forceps:
• It is used for holding sponge & cleaning the site of the operation or
for deep mopping to clean or swab blood in the cavity.
• It is also used for packing body cavities such as vagina.
• It is used for separating tissues also.
• It is again used to catch soft organs like ovary ,cervix etc.
3) Dissecting forceps :
• This type of forceps has two flat shafts or wings of approximately 5
inches long.
• The wings or shafts are joined at the proximal end.
• The outer surface of the shaft are serrated to allow a firm grip.
• The distal end tips are pointed & are slightly curved inward.
3) Dissecting forceps :
1) Plain forceps
• This is plain but pointed at the
tip. it is used for holding soft
structures like skin ,intestine etc
while suturing the incision or
wound site.
2) Plain blunt tip forceps
• This forcep has plain but blunt
tips used for holding of smooth
soft & broad site while suturing,.
3) Toothed dissecting :This forcep has
pointed teeth on the inner surface of
the tips. this forcep is used to hold
tough tissues such as skin ,fascia ,rectal
sheath etc while suturing.

4) Mc indoes dissecting forcep:

This is a plain dissecting forceps
without any teeth at the tips. the tips
are pointed & curved inwards.
Gillies dissecting forceps :
• This is a plain dissecting forceps which has two pointed buttons on the
inner surface of one wing. It is used for major operations.
c) Artery forceps :
• Forceps are hinged instruments used to hold an
object that’s difficult to grasp in place. There are
hundreds of types of forceps used in medicine,
from surgery to obstetrics to dentistry
• These forceps are used for various purpose.
• It has a catch lock to bring the blade together
which when locked prevents the blades from
slipping on objects.
• The inner surface of the blade are serrated.
• It is of various size & shape.
• It can be straight & curved & used for holding or
clamping purpose.
• Its tips is round or blunt.
1)Mosquito forceps
This is small fine artery forceps used for holding or
clamping or for biting or grasping tissues. It has
serration at the tip.
2) Dunhill artery forcep
It may have straight or curved tip. It has straight but
short blades.
3) Curved tip artery forcep It is bent
tip forceps to reach blood vessels
blocked by other tissues. Artery
forceps are commonly made of
stainless steel, making them easy to
wash and sterilize.
4) Robert artery forcep :
• It is designed like. Moynihan artery
forcep but shorter
4) Curved tip right artery forceps
• Artery forceps are surgical instruments
used to close ruptured blood vessels.
• The instrument — also called a
hemostat and, more simply, a clamp —
is one of modern medicine’s most
common tools.
• Artery forceps are commonly used by
medics and civilian paramedics to save
patients who are in immediate danger
of dying from massive blood loss
5)Spencer well’s angle artery forceps
• This small fine artery forcep is used to
clamp small bleeding point. It has
straight & long blades.
6) Spencer well’s haemostat forceps
hemostatic forceps may be an effective as well
as safe alternative approach for active GI
bleeding of various origins.

7)kelly’s haemostat forceps :

• Kelly forceps are a type of usually made of
stainless steel.
• They resemble a pair of scissors with the
blade replaced by a blunted grip.
• They also feature a locking mechanism to
allow them to act as clamps. Kelly forceps is
used for surgery.
• They may be either curved or straight. In
surgery, they may be used for occluding blood
vessels
8)Kocher’s artery forcep :
• This artery forcep has toothed tip to
catch hard parts like rectal sheath or
bone.

9)Lehey artery forcep

• It has long blades & long tips too .
10) Oschner artery forceps :
Oschner artery forceps a two-bladed
instrument with a handle for
compressing or grasping tissues in
surgical operations
11) Right angle artery forceps :
Right angle artery forceps has a
tip which is bent at the right
angle of the shaft. It is used for
separating or typing blood
vessels.
d) Tissue forceps :
Tissue forceps are used to hold tissues.
They are again classified as :
• Lane ‘s tissue forcep
• Allis tissue forcep
• Babcock’s tissue forcep
• Sinus forcep
1)lane’s tissue forcep :
• It is like artery forceps but have
single pointed teeth on either side
of the inner surface of serrated tip.
This allow to hold the small mass
tissue or to hold the edge of incision
2) Aillis tissue forcep
• It has broad teeth & is used for
holding large mass tissue. The teeth
interlock on closing the catch lock.
3) Babcock tissue forcep:
This forceps is used for grasping of
smooth delicate tissue. It has
fenestrated jaws to hold bowels or
fallopian tube.
 E) sinus forceps:
E) sinus forceps :
• It looks like a long artery forceps. It
does not have the catch lock It is
about 24 cm long with rounded tip.
• There is serration on the inner
surface of the blade.
• It is used to plug cavities such as
nose ,ear or abscess cavity.
7) Cheatle forceps
Cheatle forceps It is large &
heavy forceps with curved
blades. The inner surface of the
blades are serrated which allows
a firm grip while holding items. It
has no catch lock.
g) Desjardine forceps :
Desjardine forceps This forceps is used for removing gall bladder
stone. There is no lock system The tip is like sponge holding forceps.
3) Needle holder :
• This instrument is used to hold the
needle while suturing.
Its of two types :
• Mayo’s needle holder
• Gillies needle holder