CHAPTER 6:

THE DIMENSION OF
DEVELOPMENT:

HEALTH
AWARENESS
AT THE END OF THIS
CHAPTER, THE LEARNERS
SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
1. determine some common communicable and
non-communicable diseases;
2. classify the diseases according to their causes
and symptoms; and
3. demonstrate various preventive measure for
these diseases.
 3
The triangular model of a disease has three components: agent,host, and
environment.

The Agent— “What” The agent is the cause of the disease.

The Host— “Who” Hosts are organisms, usually humans or

animals, which are exposed to and
harbor a disease. The host can be the organism that gets
sick, as well as any animal carrier
(including insects and worms) that may or may not get sick.

The Environment— “Where” The environment is the

favorable surroundings and conditions external to the host
that cause or allow the disease to be transmitted. Some
diseases live best in
dirty water. Others survive in human blood. Still others, like E.
coli, thrive in warm temperatures
but are killed by high heat.
 4

What is COVID-19?

COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of

coronavirus. ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI’ for virus, and
‘D’ for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to
as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘2019-nCoV.’ The
COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same
family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS) and some types of common cold.
What are the symptoms of
5

COVID-19?
Symptoms can include fever, cough and shortness
of breath. In more severe cases, infection can
cause pneumonia or breathing difficulties. More
rarely, the disease can be fatal. These symptoms
are similar to the flu (influenza) or the common
cold, which are a lot more common than COVID-
19. This is why testing is required to confirm if
someone has COVID-19.
How does COVID-19
6

spread?
The virus is transmitted through direct contact
with respiratory droplets of an infected person
(generated through coughing and sneezing).
Individuals can also be infected from and
touching surfaces contaminated with the virus
and touching their face (e.g., eyes, nose, mouth).
The COVID-19 virus may survive on surfaces for
several hours, but simple disinfectants can kill it.
 7

Who is most at risk?

We are learning more about how COVID-19 affects
people every day. Older people, and people
with chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes and
heart disease, appear to be more at risk of developing
severe symptoms. As this is a new virus, we are still
learning about how it affects children. We know it is
possible for people of any age to be infected with the
virus, but so far there are relatively few cases of COVID-
19 reported among children. This is a new virus, and we
need to learn more about how it affects children. The virus
can be fatal in rare cases, so far mainly among older
people with pre-existing medical conditions.
 8

What is the treatment for

COVID-19?

There is no currently available vaccine for

COVID-19. However, many of the symptoms
can be treated and getting early care from a
healthcare provider can make the disease less
dangerous.
There are several clinical trials that are being
conducted to evaluate potential therapeutics for
COVID-19.
 9
How can the spread of COVID-19 be slowed down or
prevented?
As with other respiratory infections like the flu or the common cold, public health measures are
critical to slow the spread of illnesses. Public health measures are everyday preventive actions
that
include:
✓ staying home when sick;
✓ covering mouth and nose with flexed elbow or tissue when coughing or sneezing. Dispose of
used tissue immediately;
✓ washing hands often with soap and
water; and
✓ cleaning frequently touched surfaces and objects As with other respiratory infections like
the flu or the common cold, public health measures are
critical to slow the spread of illnesses. Public health measures are everyday
preventive actions that
include: ✓ staying home when sick; ✓ covering mouth and nose with flexed elbow
or tissue when
coughing or sneezing. Dispose of used tissue immediately; ✓ washing hands often
with soap and
water; and ✓ cleaning frequently touched surfaces and object
Two Types of
10

Disease
1.Communicable Diseases
2.Non-Communicable
Diseases
Communicable Diseases
-infectious diseases or
transmissible diseases are
illnesses that result from the
infection, presence
and growth of pathogenic
(capable of causing disease)
biologic agents in an individual
DENGUE
12

-transmitted to humans by
the Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes that are found
in the tropics. Incubation
period is from 3 to 15
days.
 13

Signs:
- sudden onset of high fever with severe headache
and muscle and joint pains (also called
breakbone fever or bone crusher disease)
- rashes characteristically bright red petechiae
appearing first in the lower limbs and chest
-may suffer from gastritis, abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting or diarrhea

Prevention:
- avoiding mosquito bites
- removing stagnant water where mosquitoes lay
their eggs
 14

MALARIA:
a vector-borne infectious
disease that is widespread in
tropical and subtropical
regions including
Philippines, caused by
protozoan parasites of the
genus Plasmodium.
Signs: 15

- anemia
- high fever
- chills
- nausea
- headache
- diarrhea
- coma and death
Prevention:
- avoiding mosquito bites
- removing stagnant water where mosquitoes lay
their eggs
CHOLERA 16

-acute intestinal infection

caused by ingestion of food
or water contaminated with
the bacterium Vibrio
cholerae.
Signs: 17

- diarrhea
- nausea
- vomiting
- fever
- muscle clamps
Prevention: 18

- washing hands with soap and

water frequently and thoroughly
- drink safe water
- eat food that is completely cooked
- avoid raw food, street food
- observe proper hygiene and
sanitation at all times
 19

AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRD

FLU)

-infection caused by avian

influenza A viruses found
chiefly in birds
 20
Signs:
- fever
- cough
- sore throat
- muscle aches

Prevention:
- wash hands or use sanitizers to avoid infection of all
kinds
- stay away from farms and live animal markets
- cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
- cook chicken thoroughly, do not eat raw eggs
- avoid cross-contamination
H1N1 21

-a flu virus that is also known as the swine flu.

Also called "quadruple reassortant" virus by
scientists because it contains two genes found in
flu viruses which circulate among pigs and two
genes found in flu viruses which circulate among
birds
•severe symptoms in people younger than 25 years
of age while people over 60 years old have
some immunity against it
•responsible for the 1918 flu pandemic which
killed 50 to 100 million people at the end of World
War I
Important Facts: 22

 Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by influenza

that infect the respiratory tract of pigs and result in
nasal secretions, barking cough, decreased appetite and
listless behavior.
 may mutate, so they are transmissible among humans
 2009 swine flu outbreak was due to H1N1 virus and
was first observed in Mexico
 Two antiviral agents, zanamivir (Relenza) and
oseltamivir (Tamiflu), have been reported to help
prevent or reduce the effects of swine flu if taken
within 48 hours at the onset of symptoms
Signs: 23

- fever
- cough
- sore throat
- runny or stuffy nose
- body aches / headaches
- chills
- fatigue

Prevention:
- vaccination
TYPHOIDFEVER 24

 an acute illness most often caused by the

Salmonella typhi bacteria or the
Salmonella Para typhi
 the name "typhoid" means "resembling
typhus" and comes from the
neuropsychiatric symptoms common to
typhoid and typhus
 the bacterium multiplies in the
gallbladder, bile ducts or liver and passes
into the bowel
Signs: 25

•high fever
•chest congestion
•abdominal pain
•poor appetite
•headache
•body aches
•lethargy
 26

Prevention:

•(2) vaccines, 1 injected and the

other given orally
•drink safe water
•improve sanitation
•eating well-cooked food
Non-
Communicable
Diseases
-is a disease that is not
transmissible directly from
one person to another
 28

HYPERTENSION
-"blood pressure refers to the force exerted by
the circulating blood on the walls of blood
vessels consists of two numbers: the systolic
pressure (when the heart beats) and the
diastolic pressure (when the heart relaxes)

a. Normal Blood Pressure: 120/80 or lower

b. High Blood Pressure: 140/90 or higher
c. Low Blood Pressure: too low, also known
as hypotension
 29

Signs:

•headache
•dizziness
•pounding in ears
•nosebleed
 30

Prevention:

•quit smoking
•limit the intake of alcoholic
beverages
•lose weight if you are overweight
•exercise and eat well-balanced
meals low in fat, salt and cholesterol
 31

Prevention:

•quit smoking
•limit the intake of alcoholic
beverages
•lose weight if you are overweight
•exercise and eat well-balanced
meals low in fat, salt and cholesterol
 32

Prevention:

•quit smoking
•limit the intake of alcoholic
beverages
•lose weight if you are overweight
•exercise and eat well-balanced
meals low in fat, salt and cholesterol
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 33

Causes:
•smoking
•diabetes
•overweight
•diet high in saturated fat and salt
•family history
•lack of exercise
•age
•too much drinking
•high blood pressure
•high cholesterol level
HEART ATTACK: 34

causes permanent damage to the

heart muscle due to loss of blood
flow to the heart
Signs:
•discomfort in the center of the chest
•shortness of breath
•nausea
 35

STROKE
-caused by obstructed blood flow
to the brain. If a clot blocks a
narrowed artery, blood ceases to
flow and stroke will occur.
Signs: 36

- sudden numbness or weakness

of the face, arm, or leg especially
on one side of the body
- trouble in speaking
- poor vision and studded severe
headache
Prevention: 37

- quit smoking
- control diabetes
- exercise regularly
- proper diet
- maintain healthy weight
- manage stress
DIABETES 38

-also referred to as "diabetes mellitus",

describes a group of metabolic disease in
which the person
has high blood glucose or blood sugar,
either because insulin production is
inadequate, or the cells
in his/her body do not respond properly
to insulin.
Signs: 39

- frequent urination
- excessive thirst
- increased appetite
3 Types of Diabetes 40

Type 1 the body does not produce

insulin.

Type 2 the body does not produce

enough insulin for proper function,
or the cells in the body do
not react properly to insulin (insulin
resistance).
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a 41

type of diabetes that consists of high

blood glucose during pregnancy and
is associated with complications to
both mother and child. GDM usually
disappears after pregnancy, but
women affected, and their children
are at increased risk of developing
type 2 diabetes later in life.
CANCER 42

-a class of disease characterized

by out-of-control cell growth
harms the body when damaged
cells divide uncontrollably to
form lumps or masses of tissue
called tumors.
 SUMMING UP
A person can only take over proper precautions
regarding communicable and non-communicable
diseases if he/she is aware.
His/her familiarity with the diseases will enable
him/her to adopt certain lifestyle modifications to
avoid diseases and stay healthy as he/she performs
his/her various functions in life.
Maintaining good health is crucial to one’s success
in life. It enables a person to heave opportunity to
maximize his/her potential to achieve his/her goals.