(SQL)

Manipulating Data
DML

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 1
 Objectives

• After completing this lesson, you should be

able to do the following:
– Describe each DML statement
– Insert rows into a table
– Update rows in a table
– Delete rows from a table
– Control transactions

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 2
 Data Manipulation Language

Consider– aA DML statement

banking is executed
database. when a
When you:bank customer
• Add new rows to a table
transfers money from a savings account to a checking
• Modify existing rows in a table
account, the transaction might consist of three separate
• Remove existing rows from a table
operations: decrease consists
– A transaction the savings account, increase the
of a collection of DML
checking statements
account, that andform record
a logicalthe transaction
unit of work. in the
transaction journal. The Oracle Server must guarantee that
all three SQL statements are performed to maintain the
accounts in proper balance. When something prevents one
of the statements in the transaction from executing, the
other statements of the transaction must be undone.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 3
 Adding a New Row to a Table

50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT
New row
“…insert a new row
DEPT
into DEPT table…”
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
------ ---------- --------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS DEPT
30 SALES CHICAGO DEPTNO DNAME LOC
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON ------ ---------- --------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 4
 The INSERT Statement

– Add new rows to a table by using the INSERT

statement.

INSERT
INSERT INTO
INTO table
table [(column
[(column [,
[, column...])]
column...])]
VALUES
VALUES (value
(value [,
[, value...]);
value...]);
– Only one row is inserted at a time with this
syntax.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 5
 Inserting New Rows
– Insert a new row containing values for each column.
– List values in the default order of the columns in the
table.
– Optionally list the columns in the INSERT clause.

SQL> INSERT INTO dept (deptno, dname, loc)

2 VALUES (50, 'DEVELOPMENT', 'DETROIT');
1 row created.

– Enclose character and date values within single

quotation marks.

DESCRIBE dept

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 6
 Inserting Rows with Null Values

– Implicit method: Omit the column from the column

list.

SQL> INSERT INTO dept (deptno, dname )

2 VALUES (60, 'MIS');
1 row created.

• Explicit method: Specify the NULL keyword.

SQL> INSERT INTO dept

2 VALUES (70, 'FINANCE', NULL);
1 row created.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 7
 Inserting Special Values

• The SYSDATE function records the current date

and time.

SQL> INSERT INTO emp (empno, ename, job,

2 mgr, hiredate, sal, comm,
3 deptno)
4 VALUES (7196, 'GREEN', 'SALESMAN',
5 7782, SYSDATE, 2000, NULL,
6 10);
1 row created.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 8
 Inserting Specific Date Values
– Add a new employee.
SQL> INSERT INTO emp
2 VALUES (2296,'AROMANO','SALESMAN',7782,
3 TO_DATE('FEB 3, 97', 'MON DD, YY'),
4 1300, NULL, 10);
1 row created.

• Verify your addition.

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
----- ------- -------- ---- --------- ---- ---- ------
2296 AROMANO SALESMAN 7782 03-FEB-97 1300 10
INSERT ALL
INTO EMP VALUES (7196, 'GREEN', 'SALESMAN',7782, SYSDATE, 2000, NULL,10)
INTO EMP VALUES (7197, 'GREEN', 'SALESMAN',7782, SYSDATE, 2000, NULL,10)
INTO EMP VALUES (7198, 'GREEN', 'SALESMAN',7782, SYSDATE, 2000, NULL,10)
SELECT * FROM DUAL
© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 9
 Copying Rows
from Another Table

– Write your INSERT statement with a subquery.

SQL> INSERT INTO managers(id, name, salary, hiredate)

2 SELECT empno, ename, sal, hiredate
3 FROM emp
4 WHERE job = 'MANAGER';
3 rows created.

– Do not use the VALUES clause.

– Match the number of columns in the INSERT
clause to those in the subquery.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 10
 Changing Data in a Table
EMP
EMPNO ENAME JOB ... DEPTNO
“…update a row
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30 in EMP table…”
7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 20
...

EMP
EMPNO ENAME JOB ... DEPTNO

7839 KING PRESIDENT 10

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 20
10
7566 JONES MANAGER 20
...

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 11
 The UPDATE Statement

– Modify existing rows with the UPDATE statement.

UPDATE
UPDATE table
table
SET
SET column
column == value
value [,
[, column
column == value,
value, ...]
...]
[WHERE
[WHERE condition];
condition];

– Update more than one row at a time, if required.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 12
 Updating Rows in a Table
– Specific row or rows are modified when you
specify the WHERE clause.

SQL> UPDATE emp

2 SET deptno = 20
3 WHERE empno = 7782;
1 row updated.

– All rows in the table are modified if you omit the

WHERE clause.
SQL>
SQL> UPDATE
UPDATE employee
employee
22 SET
SET deptno
deptno == 20;
20;
14
14 rows
rows updated.
updated.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 13
 Updating with
Multiple-Column Subquery

• Update employee 7698’s job and department to

match that of employee 7499.

SQL> UPDATE emp

2 SET (job, deptno) =
3 (SELECT job, deptno
4 FROM emp
5 WHERE empno = 7499)
6 WHERE empno = 7698;
1 row updated.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 14
 Updating Rows Based
on Another Table

• Use subqueries in UPDATE statements to update rows in

a table based on values from another table.

SQL>
SQL> UPDATE
UPDATE employee
employee
22 SET
SET deptno
deptno == (SELECT
(SELECT deptno
deptno
33 FROM
FROM emp
emp
44 WHERE
WHERE empno
empno == 7788)
7788)
55 WHERE
WHERE job
job == (SELECT
(SELECT job
job
66 FROM
FROM emp
emp
77 WHERE
WHERE empno
empno == 7788);
7788);
22 rows
rows updated.
updated.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 15
 Updating Rows:
Integrity Constraint Error

SQL> UPDATE emp ist

ex
SQL> UPDATE emp
22 SET
SET deptno
deptno == 55
55 ot
33 WHERE
WHERE deptno
deptno == 10;
10; s n
oe
5 d
r 5
UPDATE
UPDATE emp
emp b e
** um
ERROR at line 1: t n
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02291: en
ORA-02291: integrity
integrity constraint
t m
constraint (USR.EMP_DEPTNO_FK)
(USR.EMP_DEPTNO_FK)
r
violated
violated -- parent
parent key
keypanot
not found
e
found
•D

Integrity constraints ensure that the data adheres to a predefined set

of rules.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 16
 Inserting or Updating Rows Based
on DEFAULT value

• DEFAULT with INSERT:

INSERT
INSERT INTO
INTO departments
departments
(department_id,
(department_id, department_name,
department_name, manager_id)
manager_id)
VALUES
VALUES (300,
(300, 'Engineering',
'Engineering', DEFAULT);
DEFAULT);

• DEFAULT with UPDATE:

UPDATE
UPDATE departments
departments
SET
SET manager_id
manager_id == DEFAULT
DEFAULT WHERE
WHERE department_id
department_id == 10;
10;

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 17
 Removing a Row from a Table
DEPT
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
------ ---------- --------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS “…delete a row
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON from DEPT table…”
50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT
60 MIS DEPT
...
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
------ ---------- --------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
60 MIS
...

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 18
 The DELETE Statement

• You can remove existing rows from a table by using the

DELETE statement.

DELETE
DELETE [FROM]
[FROM] table
table
[WHERE
[WHERE condition];
condition];

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 19
 Deleting Rows from a Table

– Specific rows are deleted when you specify the

WHERE clause.

SQL>
SQL> DELETE
DELETE FROM
FROM department
department
22 WHERE
WHERE dname
dname == 'DEVELOPMENT';
'DEVELOPMENT';
11 row
row deleted.
deleted.
– All rows in the table are deleted if you omit the
WHERE clause.

SQL>
SQL> DELETE
DELETE FROM
FROM department;
department;
44 rows
rows deleted.
deleted.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 20
 Deleting Rows Based
on Another Table

• Use subqueries in DELETE statements to remove rows

from a table based on values from another table.

SQL> DELETE FROM employee

2 WHERE deptno =
3 (SELECT deptno
4 FROM dept
5 WHERE dname ='SALES');
6 rows deleted.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 21
 Deleting Rows:
Integrity Constraint Error

a row
SQL>
SQL> DELETE
DELETE FROM
FROM dept
dept
e lete k ey
22 WHERE deptno
deptno == 10;10; not d m ary ey
pri ign k
WHERE
can a
• You ntains a fore .
at co d a s
t ab le
DELETE
DELETE FROM
FROM dept
dept th s use ther
a t i an o
**
t h in
ERROR
ERROR at
at line
line 1:
1:
ORA-02292:
ORA-02292: integrity
integrity constraint
constraint (USR.EMP_DEPTNO_FK)
(USR.EMP_DEPTNO_FK)
violated
violated -- child
child record
record found
found

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 22
 Truncating a Table
– The TRUNCATE TABLE statement:
• Removes all rows from a table
• Releases the storage space used by that table
• You can do the same with DELETE statement, which is a
DML statement and hence recoverable, but it is slow.

SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE department;

Table truncated.

– You cannot roll back row removal when using

TRUNCATE.
– Alternatively, you can remove rows by using the
DELETE statement.

© 2009 Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT) September 8, 2009 Slide 23