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Communication Models

The document proposes a STATCOM and provides an overview of communication models and protocols. It introduces the OSI model and its 7 layers, describing the functions of each layer. It also introduces the TCP/IP model and its 4 layers, describing the functions of each. It compares the OSI and TCP/IP models, noting their similarities in layered structure but differences in number of layers and how layers are combined.

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khadijaamir435
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30 views26 pages

Communication Models

The document proposes a STATCOM and provides an overview of communication models and protocols. It introduces the OSI model and its 7 layers, describing the functions of each layer. It also introduces the TCP/IP model and its 4 layers, describing the functions of each. It compares the OSI and TCP/IP models, noting their similarities in layered structure but differences in number of layers and how layers are combined.

Uploaded by

khadijaamir435
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATCOM Proposal

Presented by Engr. khadija Amir


Objectives
• To introduce the Communication models with examples
• To introduce the OSI model and its layer architecture
and to show the interface between the layers.
• To briefly discuss the functions of each layer in the OSI
model.
• To introduce the TCP/IP protocol.
• To show the functionality of each layer in the TCP/IP
Model.
• To show the functionality of each layer in the TCP/IP
Model.
• Similarities and Comparison between OSI & TCP/IP
Model.
Communication models
 Models of communication are simplified
representations of the process of communication.
Their function is to give a compact overview of the
complex process of communication.
Communication models can be divided into 3
categories
i. Linear Communication Model
ii. Transactional Model
iii. Interactive Model
Linear Communication Model

Linear Communication Model


one person sends a message, and another person
receives it, moves in one direction.
No feedback is considered

Most prominent models are:


Lasswell’s Model
• Aristotle’s Model
Lasswell’s Model
• Key Points: •
WHO – Control analysis
• SAYS WHAT– Content analysis
• IN WHICH CHANNEL– Media or Channel
Analysis
• TO WHOM– Audience or Receiver analysis
• WITH WHAT EFFECT– consequences of
message on audiences
Aristotle’s Model

• Where the first communication model is


attributed
• Key points: Ethos – source credibility Pathos-­‐
understanding audiences Logos-­‐ pertains to
message, design and strategy Speaker Speech
Audience.
Interactive Model
• A two-way process in which participants alternate
positions as sender and receiver and generate
meaning by sending and receiving feedback

• Schramm’s Model
• White’s Model
Interactive models of communication

• Schramm’s Circular Model of Communication •


Key points:
• It rejects the notion that communication is linear
• That there is an existence of swapping roles • A
person’s personality (cognitive abilities and
experiences included) provide him/her the
framework for interpretation.
Transactional Model
• Refers to a model in which interactions in two
directions are considered together, for example
from one person to another and back, or from one
subsystem to another and back.

• Barlund’s Model
• Shannon & Weaver
What Is the OSI Model
History:
OSI was introduced in 1983 by representatives of
the major computer and telecom companies, and
was adopted by ISO as an international standard in
1984.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model


describes seven layers that computer systems use
to communicate over a network.
Layers of OSI Model
Application Layer
• The application layer provides protocols that allow
software to send and receive information and
present meaningful data to users. It is used by
end-user software such as web browsers and email
clients.
• Human- computer interaction layer.
• A few examples of application layer protocols are:
(HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office
Protocol (POP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP), and Domain Name System (DNS).
6.Presentation Layer
 Ensure data is in usable format.
 It defines how two devices should encode, encrypt, and
compress data so it is received correctly on the other
end.

5. Session Layer
 The session layer creates communication channels
between devices, called sessions. It is responsible for
opening sessions, ensuring they remain open and
functional while data is being transferred, and closing
them when communication ends.
 It maintains connection and is responsible for
controlling ports.
4. Transport Layer
The transport layer takes data transferred in the
session layer and breaks it into “segments” on the
transmitting end.
The transport layer carries out flow control, sending
data at a rate that matches the connection speed of the
receiving device, and error control, and retransmission.

3. Network Layer
 It break up segments into network packets, and
reassembling the packets on the receiving end.
 Responsible for routing packets by discovering the
best path across a physical network. For which it uses
IP adresses to route to desired destination.
2. Data Link Layer
 The data link layer establishes and terminates a connection
between two physically-connected nodes on a network.
 This layer is composed of two parts: Logical Link Control
(LLC), which identifies network protocols, performs error
checking and synchronizes frames, and Media Access
Control (MAC) which uses MAC addresses to connect
devices and define permissions to transmit and receive data.

1. Physical Layer
 The physical layer is responsible for the physical cable or
wireless connection between network nodes.
 It is responsible for transmission of the raw data and
defines the connector, the electrical cable or wireless
technology connecting the devices.
TCP/IP MODEL
Maintained by IETF
Initially created by US Dept. of Defense.

 Has four layers.


i. Application layer
ii. Transport layer
iii. Internet layer/ Network layer
iv. Data Link layer/Network Interface
layer/Network Access layer
Application layer
 Defines TCP/IP application protocols and how
host programs interface with Transport layer
services to use the network.
 Create user data and communicate this data to
other applications on another or the same host.
Example Protocols:
 HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, Telnet, SSH, DNS,
RDP, DHCP, SNMP, TFTP etc. Responsibilities:
Transport layer

Responsibilities:
Providing the Application layer with session and
datagram communication services.
 End-to-end message transfer independent of
the underlying network, along with error
control, segmentation, flow control, congestion
control, and application addressing (port
numbers).
Example Protocols:
TCP, UDP.
Transport layer-TCP PROTOCOL
Connection oriented:
Must establish the connection with the device to
communicate before transferring the actual data using
TCP Handshake.
 One-One (host to host):
Reliable as it Assures whether all data is reached the
destination using Acknowledgments, Sequence
Numbers and Checksums.
Eliminate duplicate packets and traffic congestion
control.
 Examples:
HTTP, FTP, SMTP etc.
Transport layer-UDP PROTOCOL
• Connection less:
• No Connection is required to send data.
• Unicast, multicast and broadcast.
• Not Reliable: Does not guarantee delivery.
• Applications:
• Used when timely delivery is expected.
• Examples: NFS, SNMP protocols implement
UDP
• Used in Streaming media (audio, video)
Transport Layer – UDP protocol
Internet layer
Responsible for addressing, packaging, and
routing functions.
Uses route table to make all decisions about
routing an IP packet.
Example Protocols:
 IPv4, IPv6, ARP, ICMP.
OSI vs. TCP/IP Model
Similarities between OSI & TCP/IP
 Both are based on the concept of a stack of
independent protocols.
Functionality of layers is roughly similar.
Up to Transport – network oriented.
Above – User oriented
Differences between OSI & TCP/IP:
OSI model has seven layers while TCP/IP has four
layers.
OSI model provides clear distinction between services,
interfaces and protocols while TCP/IP doesn’t.
In OSI model transport layer is connection oriented
while in TCP/IP transport layer is both connection
oriented and connectionless.
In OSI Data Link layer and Physical layer are separate
layers while in TCP they are combined as one in Host-
to-Network layer.
Minimum size of OSI header is 5 bytes. In TCP/IP
minimum size of the header is 20 bytes.
REFERENCES

https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc
958821.aspx
http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/OSI_La
yers.asp
https://pumble.com/learn/communication/com
munication-models/
https://www.elcomblus.com/linear-models-of-c
ommunication/

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