Carbohydrates

Biochemistry and
Microbiology
Learning outcomes
1. Understand the principles of biochemistry in relation to cellular

structure and function
2. Understand the production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) from
glucose by aerobic and anaerobic respiration
3. Understand enzyme kinetics
4. Understand the growth and reproduction of bacteria, viruses and
fungi
5. Understand the hazards and uses of microorganisms
6. Isolate and classify bacteria
Metabolism
The total sum of all the chemical reactions going on in an organism
• Larger broken into smaller = catabolism e.g. digestion

• Smaller built up into larger = anabolism e.g. photosynthesis
Biological molecules
 80% of the mass of living things is water.
Almost all chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solution
Of the rest:
15% Carbohydrate
50% Protein
Vitamins/minerals
What are the functions of each of these?
18% Nucleic acids Which are macromolecules?
10% Lipids What can you remember about their
structures?
MONOMER – single repeating
units that……
……are joined together to form

POLYMER.
MONOMER
POLYMERISATION
POLYMER
Polymers Monomers
Polysaccahrides
Proteins What are the

corresponding
monomers?
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Polymers Monomers
Polysaccharides Glucose etc.
Proteins and Amino acids

polypeptides
Glycerol & fatty
Lipids acids
Nucleic acids Nucleotides

Which elements make up carbohydrate
compounds?
The clue is in the name!
Commonly
used for ions
of:
Carbohydrate
CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES How many units in

each?
POLYSACCHARIDES
CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES
Triose or Pentose or Hexose ?
C6H12O6 C3H12O6 C5H10O5
You
Decide!
MONOSACCHARIDES
Are classified according to the number of carbons a molecule has.
 TRIOSE – 3 carbons
 PENTOSE – 5 carbons
 HEXOSE – 6 carbons
MONOSACCHARIDES
 A single sugar unit
 Sweet and soluble
e.g. glucose, fructose and galactose

Monosaccharide Structure Function
Glucose Main sugar used for
respiration. Starch and
glycogen are polymers of
glucose. Is absorbed and
transported in the
bloodstream to cells.
Galactose Mainly in our diet as part

of lactose disaccharide.
Fructose Sugar found naturally in

fruit, honey and some
vegetables.
Task: Can you
write the formula
for this molecule?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
C6 H12 O6
Build a triose molecule and take a picture for your notes.
GLUCOSE comes in 2
forms, this one;
Here this H is above
the carbon.
This is called α (alpha)

glucose.
This form of glucose
the H is below the
carbon.
This is called β
(beta) glucose.
Forming a disaccharide
Forming a disaccharide Meet the disaccharides - maltose, sucrose and lactose - YouTube
Which monomers form sucrose?
• Two α glucose molecules meet to form maltose.

• Water is expelled.
• This is condensation reaction.
• This can be reversed by adding water. Hydrolysis.
Polysaccharides
• Polymers with subunits of monosaccharides

• Repeated condensation reactions
• Normally 1000’s of monomers
• Polysaccharides are not sugars
STARCH CELLULOSE GLYCOGEN

Structure and function of: Starch
• Polymer of glucose
• Insoluble STARCH
• Plant storage polysaccharide.
• Made up of two types of substances;
Amylose and amylopectin
• Condensation reactions between α glucose
(1-4 links).
• Forms from 1000s of condensation reactions.
There are no branches in the chain of
glucose molecules. The chain makes a helix
(coil). This makes it compact so it can be
stored in a small place.
Amylopectin
• Condensation reactions between α
glucose (1-4 links).
• Branches of 1-6 links also exist.
• Coiled springs with a branched structure
are formed.
Comparing properties
Glucose Starch
• Soluble • Insoluble
• Not suitable for • Good storage
storage • Avoids osmosis
• Osmosis would • Easily hydrolysed
occur
Glycogen is the storage carbohydrate of animals.
Glycogen granules in liver cells stained red.

• Glygogen is insoluble
• It does not diffuse out of cells
• It does not affect osmosis
• Easily hydrolysed back to glucose
What biochemical test can be used for
presence of starch ?
Starch test
• Add Iodine
• Positive test = blue black colour

Carbohydrates

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Carbohydrates

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Carbohydrates

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biochemistry and

1. Understand the principles of biochemistry in relation to cellular

• Larger broken into smaller = catabolism e.g. digestion

……are joined together to form

Proteins What are the

Proteins and Amino acids

Nucleic acids Nucleotides

DISACCHARIDES How many units in

C6H12O6 C3H12O6 C5H10O5

Are classified according to the number of carbons a molecule has.

 A single sugar unit

 Sweet and soluble

e.g. glucose, fructose and galactose

Galactose Mainly in our diet as part

Fructose Sugar found naturally in

This is called α (alpha)

Which monomers form sucrose?

• Two α glucose molecules meet to form maltose.

• Polymers with subunits of monosaccharides

STARCH CELLULOSE GLYCOGEN

Glycogen granules in liver cells stained red.

You might also like