Quality Management

MARCO A. FERNANDEZ SALAS

The seven QC statistical tools and
Techniques
The QC statistical tools are “fundamental
instruments” to improve the quality of a
product and help business to identify and
solve problems in a process.
They are tools used to analyze the production
or service processes, to identify the major
problems and control fluctuations and provide
solutions to avoid future defects.
The seven quality tools are usually considered
to be:
 Pareto diagrams

 Cause and effect diagrams

 Graphs

 Check-sheets

 Histograms

 Scatter diagrams

 Control Charts
 Pareto diagram.
It is a form of bar chart with the items arranged in
descending order so that you can identify the highest
contributing factors to a problem.

A Pareto diagram shows which defective items should

be tackled first.

Pareto diagram can easily separate the vital few from

the trivial many.
 This type of diagram is one of the most
common statistical tools used by QC Circles
and is used to graphically summarize and
display the relative importance of the
differences between groups of data.
 The basic rule behind Pareto's law is that in
almost every case, 80% of the total problems
incurred are caused by 20% of the problem cause
types; such as people, machines, parts,
processes, and other factors related to the
production of the product.
 Pareto Charts
Purpose:
Prioritize problems.

How is it done:
1. Create a preliminary list of
problem classifications.
2. Tally the occurrences in each
problem classification.
3. Arrange each classification in
order from highest to lowest
4. Calculate the percentage
contribution for each.
5. Show the cumulative.
6. Construct the bar chart
 Exercise
Work on the solution for the
following problem
Based on the following data (tally sheet), construct a Pareto
diagram indicating the few vitals
 TALLY
TYPE OF DEFECT (conteo) TOTAL

8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00

CRACK
(rotas) 12 8 11 14 13 9 9 76
SCRATCH
(ralladas) 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 17
STAIN
(manchadas) 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 14
DENT
(golpeadas) 9 9 9 7 6 5 9 54
GAP
(espacio) 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 10
HOLE
(agujeradas) 7 9 14 8 9 7 11 65

OTHERS 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 8

(For the construction of the table use EXCEL)

Now proceed as per established in the step # 3
(Arrange each classification in order from highest to lowest)
TYPE OF DEFECT TALLY TOTAL

08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00

CRACK 12 8 11 14 13 9 9 76

HOLE 7 9 14 8 9 7 11 65

DENT 9 9 9 7 6 5 9 54

SCRATCH 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 17

STAIN 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 14

GAP 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 10
OTHERS 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 8
Add two more columns to the table and proceed as
per established in the steps # 4 and 5
(calculate the percentage contribution for each and show the cumulative).
TYPE OF DEFECT TALLY TOTAL PERCENTAGE CUMMULATIVE

CRACK 12 8 11 14 13 9 9 76 31 31

HOLE 7 9 14 8 9 7 11 65 27 58

DENT 9 9 9 7 6 5 9 54 22 80

SCRATCH 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 17 7 87

STAIN 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 14 6 93

GAP 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 10 4 97

OTHERS 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 8 3 100
244
Now build the Pareto Chart
From your table, select and mark the columns related to
TYPE OF DEFECTS, TOTAL AND CUMMULATIVE

TYPE OF DEFECT TALLY TOTAL PERCENTAGE CUMMULATIVE

CRACK 12 8 11 14 13 9 9 76 31 31

HOLE 7 9 14 8 9 7 11 65 27 58

DENT 9 9 9 7 6 5 9 54 22 80

SCRATCH 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 17 7 87

STAIN 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 14 6 93

GAP 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 10 4 97

OTHERS 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 8 3 100
Once completed go to INSERT and select/click on
RECOMMENDED GRAPHICS
Once completed your Pareto Graph will appear and you
must click on ACCEPT
 Chart Title
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
CRACK HOLE DENT SCRATCH STAIN GAP OTHERS

TOTAL CUMMULATIVE
 GRAFICO PARETO GRUPO LAN 05X
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
CRACK HOLE DENT SCRATCH STAIN GAP OTHERS

TOTAL CUMMULATIVE
 Pareto Charts

Chart Title
Benefits: 120

 Pareto analysis helps 100

graphically display
results so the 80

significant (vital) few Axis Title 60

problems emerge
from the general 40
80 %
(trivial) background 20

 It tells you what to 0

work on first. 1 2 3 4

Axis Title
5 6 7
Now lets do it using Minitab
Open your Minitab software
According to the table, copy from excel the data
related to type of defects and totals
Once completed, go to Statistics, click on Quality tools
and then click on Pareto Chart
Place the cursor on the defects field and give two clicks on C1
TYPE OF DEFECTS.
Do the same for the frequencies field and give two clicks on C2
TOTAL
Once completed give a click on OK
Your Pareto Chart is built
END