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Image Analysis

The document discusses various image analysis techniques at the low and high level. At the low level, it covers topics like file formats, converting to grayscale, brightness/contrast adjustments, color filters, smoothing, edge detection, and digitization. At the high level, it discusses feature vectors, discriminant functions, and model-based approaches using object properties like color, texture, and location with fuzzy membership values.

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217 views15 pages

Image Analysis

The document discusses various image analysis techniques at the low and high level. At the low level, it covers topics like file formats, converting to grayscale, brightness/contrast adjustments, color filters, smoothing, edge detection, and digitization. At the high level, it discusses feature vectors, discriminant functions, and model-based approaches using object properties like color, texture, and location with fuzzy membership values.

Uploaded by

api-3750666
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Analysis

Low level modules


• Need for Meta data
• Need for File format
• BMP File format
• Opening a BMP File
• Reading Header Info
• Reading BMP Data
• 32 bit boundary for
each pixel row … ?
• Palettes
Image Analysis
Low level modules
// Converting to Grey Scale
// pixel is a struct of three char type
// variables

char gray;

for(int y=0;y < pich; ++y)


{
for(int x=0; x < picw; ++x )
{
gray = 0.299 * pixel[x][y].red
gray += 0.587 * pixel[x][y].green
gray += 0 .114 * pixel[x][y].blue

pixel[x][y].blue = grey
pixel[x][y].green = grey
pixel[x][y].red = grey
}
//minimum processing is done inside the loop
Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Great Introduction with practical examples and
coding

• http://www.codeproject.com/cs/media/csharpgraphicf
Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Brightness
– Increase = Add a number (eg. 50)
to each blue component.
– Decrease = Subtract a number (eg
50) from each blue component
– Make it 0 if results in < 0
– Make if 255 if results in > 255
N= +50 N= –50
Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Contrast

N= +30 N= –30
Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Gamma correction

Gamma = 0.6 Gamma = 0.3


Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Color Filter

Red=0 Red=0 Red=unchanged


Green=unchanged Green=0 Green=0
Blue=0 Blue=unchanged Blue=0
Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Smoothing
– Convolution kernel
– Smoothing filter
Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Gaussian mask

1 2 1
2 4 2
1 2 1

Normalization Factor =
16
Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Laplacian mask

-1 -1 -1
-1 8 -1
-1 -1 -1

Normalization factor = 1
Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Digitization
– Converting Analog Signals to Digital Signals
– Quantization level
– Spatial Resolution
Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Region
– Connected set of pixels that are invariant with
respect to some features of themselves
– Ideally should be exactly same BUT
practically some tolerance factor or
Thershold of variability can be applied
– Path  take any two pixels of the same
region, one should be reachable from the
other without leaving the region
Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Edge
– If difference between neighbouring pixels if
greater the thershold
– Thershold should be set carefully
Image Analysis
High-level modules
• Feature vectors
• Discriminant functions
If size(region_x) > Thershold
Region_x is a screw driver
Else
Region_x is a bolt
• How to find discriminant functions
– Plot a graph between number of region (y-
axis) and size of region (x – axis)
Image Analysis
High-level modules
• Model Based
– Object(Color, texture, relative location)
• Grass (Green, smooth, below)
• Tree (Gree, irregular, between)
• Sky (light blue, irregular/regular, above)
• Water (blue, irregular/regular, above)
• Mountains (brown, irregular, between)

• Fuzzy
– FOR GRASS
» color = green(0.8), red(0.1), blue(0.1)
» Texture = smooth (0.8) irregular (0.2)
» Below (0.9), between(0.1), above(0.0_

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