consists mostly of carbon-based compounds. • Carbon forms large, complex, and diverse molecules because each carbon atom makes 4 bonds. • Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon compounds.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
• Most contain hydrogen atoms
• The Formation of Bonds with Carbon – four valence electrons (outer shell) 4 covalent bonds – Tetrahedral shape: carbon bonded to four atoms – Flat (Linar): two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond
Butane 2-Methylpropane (commonly called isobutane) Cyclohexane Benzene (b) Branching (d) Rings The role of hydrocarbons in fats - fatty acids (H-C chains)
• same molecular formula but different structures and
properties: – Structural isomers: different atom covalent arrangements – Geometric isomers: same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements. – Enantiomers: mirror images isomers
A comparison of chemical groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones
Estradiol
Testosterone ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes • One phosphate molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy- transferring molecule in the cell. – adenosine
