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    Chapter 3 Part 1

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    The document discusses stoichiometry and the mole concept. It defines the mole as the amount of a substance containing 6.022x1023 entities. The mole allows conversion between mass and number of particles using molar mass. Several examples demonstrate calculating moles, mass, and number of entities or molecules for elements and compounds. Stoichiometric calculations using the mole concept are essential for quantitative chemistry.

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    Chapter 3 Part 1

    Uploaded by

    rwilinjod
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    The document discusses stoichiometry and the mole concept. It defines the mole as the amount of a substance containing 6.022x1023 entities. The mole allows conversion between mass and number of particles using molar mass. Several examples demonstrate calculating moles, mass, and number of entities or molecules for elements and compounds. Stoichiometric calculations using the mole concept are essential for quantitative chemistry.

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    The document discusses stoichiometry and the mole concept. It defines the mole as the amount of a substance containing 6.022x1023 entities. The mole allows conversion between mass and number of particles using molar mass. Several examples demonstrate calculating moles, mass, and number of entities or molecules for elements and compounds. Stoichiometric calculations using the mole concept are essential for quantitative chemistry.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    7 views19 pages

    Chapter 3 Part 1

    Uploaded by

    rwilinjod
    The document discusses stoichiometry and the mole concept. It defines the mole as the amount of a substance containing 6.022x1023 entities. The mole allows conversion between mass and number of particles using molar mass. Several examples demonstrate calculating moles, mass, and number of entities or molecules for elements and compounds. Stoichiometric calculations using the mole concept are essential for quantitative chemistry.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 19

    Chapter 3

    Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations


    Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems

    3.1 The Mole

    3.2 Determining the Formula of an Unknown Compound

    3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

    3.4 Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product

    3.5 Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry


    The Mole

    The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that


    contains the same number of entities as there are
    atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.

    The term “entities” refers to atoms, ions, molecules,


    formula units, or electrons – in fact, any type of particle.

    One mole (1 mol) contains 6.022x1023 entities (to


    four significant figures).
    This number is called Avogadro’s number and is
    abbreviated as N.
    Figure 3.1 One mole (6.022x1023 entities) of some familiar
    substances.
    Molar Mass

    The molar mass (M) of a substance is the mass per


    mole of its entites (atoms, molecules or formula units).

    For monatomic elements, the molar mass is the


    same as the atomic mass in grams per mole. The
    atomic mass is simply read from the Periodic Table.
    The molar mass of Ne = 20.18 g/mol.
    For molecular elements and for compounds, the
    formula is needed to determine the molar mass.

    The molar mass of O2 = 2 x M of O


    = 2 x 16.00
    = 32.00 g/mol

    The molar mass of SO2 = 1 x M of S + 2 x M of O


    = 32.00 + 2(16.00)
    = 64.00 g/mol
    Table 3.1 Information Contained in the Chemical Formula of Glucose
    C6H12O6 ( M = 180.16 g/mol)

    Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O)

    Atoms/molecule of 6 atoms 12 atoms 6 atoms


    compound

    Moles of atoms/mole 6 mol of atoms 12 mol of atoms 6 mol of atoms


    of compound

    Atoms/mole of 6(6.022x1023) atoms 12(6.022x1023) atoms 6(6.022x1023) atoms


    compound

    Mass/molecule of 6(12.01 amu) 12(1.008 amu) 6(16.00 amu) =


    compound = 72.06 amu = 12.10 amu 96.00 amu

    Mass/mole of 72.06 g 12.10 g 96.00 g


    compound
    Interconverting Moles, Mass, and
    Number of Chemical Entities

    no. of grams
    Mass (g) = no. of moles x g
    1 mol

    1 mol
    No. of moles = mass (g) x M
    no. of grams

    6.022x1023 entities
    No. of entities = no. of moles x
    1 mol
    1 mol
    No. of moles = no. of entities x
    6.022x1023 entities
    Figure 3.2 Mass-mole-number relationships for elements.
    Sample Problem 3.1 Calculating the Mass of a Given Amount of
    an Element

    PROBLEM: Silver (Ag) is used in jewelry and tableware but no


    longer in U.S. coins. How many grams of Ag are in
    0.0342 mol of Ag?

    PLAN: To convert mol of Ag to mass of Ag in g we need the molar


    mass of Ag.
    amount (mol) of Ag

    multiply by M of Ag (107.9 g/mol)

    mass (g) of Ag
    SOLUTION:

    107.9 g Ag
    0.0342 mol Ag x = 3.69 g Ag
    1 mol Ag
    Sample Problem 3.2 Calculating the Number of Entities in a
    Given Amount of an Element

    PROBLEM: Gallium (Ga) is a key element in solar panels, calculators and


    other light-sensitive electronic devices. How many Ga atoms
    are in 2.85 x 10-3 mol of gallium?

    PLAN: To convert mol of Ga to number of Ga atoms we need to use


    Avogadro’s number.

    mol of Ga
    multiply by 6.022x1023 atoms/mol

    atoms of Ga
    Sample Problem 3.2

    SOLUTION:

    2.85 x 10-3 mol Ga atoms x 6.022x1023 Ga atoms


    1 mol Ga atoms

    = 1.72 x 1021 Ga atoms


    Sample Problem 3.3 Calculating the Number of Entities in a
    Given Mass of an Element

    PROBLEM: Iron (Fe) is the main component of steel and is therefore the
    most important metal in society; it is also essential in the body.
    How many Fe atoms are in 95.8 g of Fe?

    PLAN: The number of atoms cannot be calculated directly from the


    mass. We must first determine the number of moles of Fe atoms
    in the sample and then use Avogadro’s number.

    mass (g) of Fe
    divide by M of Fe (55.85 g/mol)

    amount (mol) of Fe
    multiply by 6.022x1023 atoms/mol

    atoms of Fe
    Sample Problem 3.3

    SOLUTION:

    95.8 g Fe x 1 mol Fe
    = 1.72 mol Fe
    55.85 g Fe

    1.72 mol Fe x 6.022x10 atoms Fe


    23

    1 mol Fe

    = 1.04 x 1024 atoms Fe


    Figure 3.3 Amount-mass-number relationships for compounds.
    Sample Problem 3.4 Calculating the Number of Chemical Entities
    in a Given Mass of a Compound I
    PROBLEM: Nitrogen dioxide is a component of urban smog that
    forms from the gases in car exhausts. How many
    molecules are in 8.92 g of nitrogen dioxide?

    PLAN: Write the formula for the compound and calculate its molar mass.
    Use the given mass to calculate first the number of moles and then
    the number of molecules.

    mass (g) of NO2


    divide by M
    amount (mol) of NO2

    multiply by 6.022 x 1023 formula units/mol

    number of NO2 molecules


    Sample Problem 3.4

    SOLUTION: NO2 is the formula for nitrogen dioxide.

    M = (1 x M of N) + (2 x M of O)
    = 14.01 g/mol + 2(16.00 g/mol)
    = 46.01 g/mol

    8.92 g NO2 x 1 mol NO2


    = 0.194 mol NO2
    46.01 g NO2

    0.194 mol NO2 x 6.022x10 molecules NO2


    23

    1 mol NO2

    = 1.17 x 1023 molecules NO2


    Sample Problem 3.5 mass (g) of (NH4)2CO3
    divide by M

    amount (mol) of (NH4)2CO3


    multiply by 6.022 x 1023 formula units/mol

    number of (NH4)2CO3 formula units


    3 O atoms per formula unit of (NH4)2CO3

    number of O atoms

    SOLUTION: (NH4)2CO3 is the formula for ammonium carbonate.

    M = (2 x M of N) + (8 x M of H) + (1 x M of C) + (3 x M of O)
    = (2 x 14.01 g/mol) + (8 x 1.008 g/mol)
    + (12.01 g/mol) + (3 x 16.00 g/mol)

    = 96.09 g/mol
    Sample Problem 3.5

    41.6 g (NH4)2CO3 x 1 mol (NH4)2CO3


    = 0.433 mol (NH4)2CO3
    96.09 g (NH4)2CO3

    0.433 mol (NH4)2CO3 x 6.022x10 formula units (NH4)2CO3


    23

    1 mol (NH4)2CO3

    = 2.61x1023 formula units (NH4)2CO3

    2.61x1023 formula units (NH4)2CO3 x 3 O atoms


    1 formula unit of (NH4)2CO3

    = 7.83 x 1023 O atoms

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