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Oscilloscope

The oscilloscope is an instrument that displays electrical signals as a graph over time, allowing users to measure signal properties like amplitude, frequency, and phase. There are two main types - analog oscilloscopes which directly display signals on a cathode ray tube, and digital oscilloscopes which sample signals and convert them to digital data. Key specifications for oscilloscopes include bandwidth, which determines the range of measurable frequencies, and rise time, which relates to the instrument's ability to resolve fast changing signals.

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28 views10 pages

Oscilloscope

The oscilloscope is an instrument that displays electrical signals as a graph over time, allowing users to measure signal properties like amplitude, frequency, and phase. There are two main types - analog oscilloscopes which directly display signals on a cathode ray tube, and digital oscilloscopes which sample signals and convert them to digital data. Key specifications for oscilloscopes include bandwidth, which determines the range of measurable frequencies, and rise time, which relates to the instrument's ability to resolve fast changing signals.

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diaaahm58
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Oscilloscope

The oscilloscope is a graph-displaying device that draws a


graph of an electrical signal. In most applications the graph
shows how signals change over time. From the graph it is
possible to:
Display the waveforms in two axes. The vertical is to show
the amplitude whereas the horizontal is for time.
Determine the frequency of any oscillating signal
Introduction: Find out the amplitude of any oscillating signal
Determine the type of a signal (DC or AC)
Can measure the phase shift between two sinusoidal
waveforms.
Evaluate the noise in the signal and if the noise is changing
with time.
Analogue Oscilloscope: works by directly
applying a voltage being measured to an
electron beam moving across the oscilloscope
screen. more suitable for display rapidly
varying signals in “real time”.
Types of
Oscilloscope:
Digital Oscilloscope: samples the waveform
and uses an analogue to digital converter to
convert the voltage being measured into digital
information. allows viewing of events that
happen only ones. They can process the digital
waveform data or send the data to a computer
Cathode ray
oscilloscope.
Cathode ray oscilloscope
(CRO) is one of the
important examples of the
analogue oscilloscope. CRO
displays the waveforms on a
phosphor-coated screen of a
cathode ray tube (CRT).
Cathode ray tube
The cathode consists of a barium and strontium oxide-coated, thin, heated
filament (Heater) from which a stream of electrons is emitted.
There are three basic settings to accommodate an incoming signal need to
be adjusted:
The attenuation or amplification of the signal: use the volts/division
control to adjust the amplitude of the signal before it is applied to the
vertical deflection plates
The time base: use the time/division control to set the amount of time per
division represented horizontally across the screen
The triggering of the oscilloscope: use the trigger level to stabilize a
repeating signal, as well as triggering on a single event. Also, adjusting
the focus and intensity controls enables a sharp, visible display to be
created.
The more expensive models can measure signals at
frequencies up to 500MHz.
the cheapest models can measure signals up to 20 MHz
The oscilloscope has high input impedance, typically 1MΩ,
which means that the instrument has a negligible loading
Specifications effect in most measurement situations.
In the best instruments, inaccuracy can be limited to ±1% of
the reading but inaccuracy can approach ±10% in the
cheapest instruments.
Bandwidth
The bandwidth is defined as the range
of frequencies over which the
oscilloscope amplifier gain is within 3
dB of its peak value.

The decibel, commonly written dB, is


used to express the ratio between two
quantities. For two voltage levels V1
and V2, the difference between them is
expressed in decibels as 20 log10
(V1/V2). It follows from this that 20
log10 (0.7071) = -3dB, for
an oscilloscope, V1 is Vout and V2 is
Vin.
Rise Time
The rise time is the transit time
between the 10% and 90% levels of
the response when a step input is
applied to the oscilloscope.

Oscilloscopes are normally designed


such that:

Bandwidth × Rise time = 0.35

Thus, for a bandwidth of 100 MHz,

rise time = 0.35/100 000 000 = 3.5 ns.


Digital storage oscilloscopes are the most basic form of
digital oscilloscopes.

When first created, a digital storage oscilloscope consisted


Digital storage of a conventional analogue CRO, then converted to digital
oscilloscopes format and stored in computer memory. This stored data
can then be reconverted to analogue form.

The modern digital storage oscilloscopes no longer use CRTs


and are entirely digital in construction and operation.
Digital storage oscilloscopes components

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