PROCESSORS:

A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the

basic instructions that drive a computer.It is a small chip that resides in
computer and other electronic devices. Its basic job is to receive input
and provide the appropriate output.
Processors can be found in PCs, smartphones, tablets and other
computers. The two main competitors in the processor market are Intel
and AMD.
components of The processor

A processor contains the following components,

•Control Unit - fetches, decodes, executes instructions.

•Arithmetic & Logic Unit - performs arithmetic and logical operations on data.

•Registers - fast, on-chip memory inside the CPU, dedicated or general purpose.

•Internal Clock - derived directly or indirectly from the system clock

•Internal Buses - to connect the components

•Logic Gates - to control the flow of information

Types of processors:
INTEL Processors:
4004:
in 1971 Intel engineers Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and
Stan Mazor invented a general-purpose four-bit
microprocessor and one of the first single-chip
microprocessors, the 4004, under contract to the
Japanese calculator manufacturer Nippon Calculating
Machine Corporation, which let Intel retain all rights to the
technology.
The Intel 4004 was released
by Intel Corporation in 1971 and was the first
commercially available microprocessor.
Max. CPU clock rate: 740 kHz
Instruction set: 4-bit BCD oriented
Transistors: : 2,250;
Min. feature size: 10 µm
Address width: 12 (multiplexed)
Data width: 4 bits
Intel 8008:
The Intel 8008 is an early byte-oriented microprocessor designed
and manufactured by Intel. . It is an 8-bit CPU with an external 14-bit
address bus that could address 16 KB of memory.
General info
INTRODUCED IN: mid 1972
Discontinued: 1983
perfomance
Max. CPU clock rate: 200 kHz to 800 kHz
Address width: 14 Bit
Data width: 8 Bit
Application: computer terminals, calculator, bottling machine,
industrial robots, simple computer.
physical specification
Min. feature size: 10 µm
Transistors: 3,500
Socket(s): DIP18
 proce Series Cod Produ Clock Numb Bus TRans
ssor nomenc e ction rate er of speed istor

Intel i9 processor
lature nam date cores
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this is the latest 10th generation fastest processor
7940X,
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7960X,
Great choice for Workstations, power users, content creators. Although negligible
i9-
7980XE,
improvement in gaming. i9-
9900T
Improves the competition in CPU market, which in result benefits the customers.

Core i9 Pros
Higher core count
More L2/L3 cache
Highest core speeds – though usually only 100-200Mhz
All have Hyperthreading
Best for – multithreaded and/or higher demand applications, extreme multitasking
 Intel core i7
Year of release: 2020 (10 generation)
Core i7 Pros
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Best for – budget conscious builds, single threaded applications,
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Intel core i5

processor Productio Code Clock rate No. of No. of Bus speed

n date name cores transistor
s
Intel core 2009– Arrandale,
Clarkdale,
1.06 GHz - 2 /w 1.3-1.9 2.5 - 5
i5 present Clarksfield, 4.2 GHz hyperthre billion GT/s
Lynnfield,
Sandy Bridge, ading, 4
Ivy Bridge,
Haswell,
Broadwell,
Skylake, Kaby
Lake,
Coffee Lake
 Intel core i3
Processor Intel core i3
Production date 2010–present
Code name Arrandale,
Clarkdale,
Sandy Bridge,
Ivy Bridge,
Haswell, Skylake,
Kaby Lake,
Coffee Lake

Clock rate 1.2 GHz - 3.7 GHz

No. of cores 2 /w
hyperthreading
No. of transistors
Bus speed 1066 MHz,
1600 MHz, 2.5 - 5
GT/s
Intel core 2

processor Intel core 2

Production date 2006 - 2011
Code name Allendale,Conroe, Merom, Penryn,
Kentsfield, Wolfdale, Yorkfield
Clock rate 1.06 GHz - 3.33 GHz
No. of cores 1, 2 or 4
No. of transistors
Bus speed 533 MHz, 667 MHz, 800 MHz, 1066 MHz,
1333 MHz, 1600 MHz
Intel core

Processor Intel core

Production date 2006-2008
Code name Yonah
Clock rate 1.06 GHz - 2.33 GHz
No. of cores 1 or 2
No. of transisitors
Bus speed 533 MHz, 667 MHz
 Intel Pentium(2009)
Processor Intel pentium
Production date 2009-present
Clock rate 1.2 GHz - 3.33 GHz
No. of cores 1 or 2
No. of transistors 3.1 million
Bus speed 800 MHz, 1066 MHz,
2.5GT/s, 5 GT/s

Comparison:
Intel Pentium is more efficient and fast operating system than intel Pentium dual core
Intel Pentium
dual core

Processor Intel Pentium dual core

Production date 2006 – 2009
Code name Allendale,Penryn, Wolfdale
, Yonah
Clock rate 1.6 GHz - 2.93 GHz
No. of cores 2
No. of transistors
Bus speed 533 MHz, 667 MHz,
800 MHz, 1066 MHz
Intel Pentium D

Processor Intel Pentium D

Production date 2005 – 2008
Code name Smithfield,Presler
Clock rate 2.66 GHz - 3.73 GHz
No. of cores 2
No. of transistors
Bus speed 533 MHz, 800 MHz,
1066 MHz
Intel Pentium M

Processor Intel Pentium M

Production date 2003 - 2008
Code name Banias,Dothan
Clock rate 800 MHz - 2.266 GHz
No. of cores 1
No. of transistors
Bus speed 400 MHz, 533 MHz
Intel Pentium 4
Processor
Production date 2000 - 2008
Code name Cedar Mill,
Northwood,
Prescott,
Willamette,
Gallatin,Prescott
2M
Clock rate 3.2 GHz -
3.73 GHz
No. of cores 1 /w
hyperthreading
No. of transistors
Bus speed 800 MHz,
1066 MHz
 Processor
Production date 1998–present
Clock rate 400 MHz - 4.4 GHz
Intel xeon:
No. of cores Up to 28 Cores
No. of transistors
Much newer manufacturing 45 nm vs 180 nm A newer manufacturing
Bus speed 100 MHz, 133 MHz,
process process allows for a more
powerful, yet cooler running 400 MHz, 533 MHz,
667 MHz, 800 MHz,
processor

1066 MHz,
1333 MHz,
Much higher clock speed 2.53 GHz vs 1 GHz More than 2.5x higher clock
speed 1600 MHz, 4.8 GT/s,
Significantly more l2 cache 1 MB vs 0.25 MB 4x more l2 cache; more data
can be stored in the l2 cache
5.86 GT/s, 6.4 GT/s
for quick access later

Has a NX bit Yes vs No Somewhat common; Prevents

a common class of security
exploits

Newer Feb, 2010 vs Mar, 2000 Release date over 10 years

later

More threads 8 vs 1 7 more threads

More cores 4 vs 1 3 more cores; run more

applications at once
Intel Pentium III The Pentium II 450MHz and the Pentium III both have System Bus
Speeds of 100 MHz, and so have the same limits when it comes to
the size of the data being processed at once. The Pentium III has a
242 Watt lower Maximum TDP than the Pentium II 450MHz, and was
Processor created with a 70 nm smaller manufacturing technology
Production 1999 - 2003
date
Code name Katmai, The Pentium II was basically a The Pentium III brand refers to
more consumer-oriented Intel's 32-bit x86 desktop and
Coppermine version of the Pentium Pro. It mobile microprocessors based
, Tualatin was cheaper to manufacture on the sixth-generation P6
because of the separate, microarchitecture introduced
Clock rate 450 MHz - slower L2 cache memory. The on February 26, 1999. The
1.4 GHz improved 16-bit performance brand's initial processors were
No. of cores 1 and MMX support made it a very similar to the earlier
better choice for consumer- Pentium II-branded
No. of level operating systems, such microprocessors. The most
as Windows 9x, and notable difference was the
transistors Mini multimedia applications. addition of the SSE instruction
Bus speed 100 MHz, Review Combined with the larger L1 set (to accelerate floating point
133 MHz cache and improved 16-bit and parallel calculations), and
performance, the slower and the introduction of a
cheaper L2 cache's controversial serial number
performance impact was embedded in the chip during
reduced. General processor the manufacturing process.
performance was increased
while costs were cut.
Intel Pentium II
Processor
Production date 1997 - 1999
Code name Klamath,Deschutes, Tonga, Dixo
Clock rate 233 MHz - 450 MHz
No. of cores 1
No. of transistors
Bus speed 66 MHz, 100 MHz

L1 cache speed is more in Pentium II as compare to Pentium pro

Intel Pentium pro

comparison:
Celeron chips have less cache memory than Pentium 4 chips do. A Celeron might have 128 kilobytes of L2 cache, while a Pentium 4 can have four times that. The amount of L2 cache memory can have a big effect on
performance.
Intel manufactures the Pentium 4 chips to run at a higher clock speed than Celeron chips. The fastest Pentium 4 might be 60 percent faster than the fastest Celeron .

Processor
Production date 1995 - 1998
Code name P6
Clock rate 150 MHz - 200 MHz
No. of cores
No. of transistors
Bus speed 60 MHz, 66 MHz
Intel celeron
Processor Intel celeron
Production date 1998–present
Code name Banias,Cedar Mill, Conroe, Coppermine, Covington, Dothan, Mendocino,
Northwood, Prescott, Tualatin, Willamette, Yonah, Merom, Penryn, Arrandale,
Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Haswell, Broadwell, Bay Trail-M, Braswell, Skylake
Clock rate 266 MHz - 3.6 GHz
No. of cores 1, 2 or 4
No. of transistors
Bus speed 66 MHz, 100 MHz, 133 MHz, 400 MHz, 533 MHz,
800 MHz
Intel atom
Processor
Production date 2008 - 2009 (as Centrino Atom)2008–present (as
Atom)
Code name Diamondville,Pineview, Silverthorne, Lincroft,
Cedarview, Medfield, Clover Trail
Clock rate 800 MHz - 2.13 GHz
No. of cores 1, 2 or 4
No. of transistors
Bus speed 400 MHz, 533 MHz, 667 MHz, 2.5 GT/s
 Intel Pentium MMX
Processor
Production date 1996 - 1999
Code name P55C, Tillamook
Clock rate 120 MHz -
300 MHz
No. of cores 1
No. of
transistors
Bus speed 60 MHz -
66 MHz
 Intel Pentium
comparison
intel Pentium gives better and fastest performance than intel i80486 .
The clock rate speed of i80486 is upto 100MHz while the clock rate of Pentium is higher than i80486 which is
upto 250 MHz

Processor
Production date 1993 – 1999
Clock rate 65 MHz - 250 MHz
No. of cores 1
No. of transistors
Bus speed 50 MHz - 66 MHz
Intel i80486
Processor
Production date 1989 - 1992
Clock rate 25 MHz - 100 MHz
No. of cores 1
No. of transistors
Bus speed 25 MHz - 50 MHz