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    Unit 3

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    The document discusses concepts related to forces and motion in physics including balanced and unbalanced forces, friction, elastic deformation, and circular motion. Some key points include: 1) Balanced forces occur when forces cancel each other out, resulting in no net force. Unbalanced forces cause a change in an object's motion. 2) Friction opposes motion and can help with braking. Factors like speed, tires, and road conditions affect stopping distance. 3) Hooke's law states that the extension of a spring is proportional to the applied force. The spring constant is defined as force per unit extension. 4) Circular motion results from a force acting perpendicular to motion. Speed increases with

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    Unit 3

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    fa4534197
    12 views42 pages
    The document discusses concepts related to forces and motion in physics including balanced and unbalanced forces, friction, elastic deformation, and circular motion. Some key points include: 1) Balanced forces occur when forces cancel each other out, resulting in no net force. Unbalanced forces cause a change in an object's motion. 2) Friction opposes motion and can help with braking. Factors like speed, tires, and road conditions affect stopping distance. 3) Hooke's law states that the extension of a spring is proportional to the applied force. The spring constant is defined as force per unit extension. 4) Circular motion results from a force acting perpendicular to motion. Speed increases with

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    The document discusses concepts related to forces and motion in physics including balanced and unbalanced forces, friction, elastic deformation, and circular motion. Some key points include: 1) Balanced forces occur when forces cancel each other out, resulting in no net force. Unbalanced forces cause a change in an object's motion. 2) Friction opposes motion and can help with braking. Factors like speed, tires, and road conditions affect stopping distance. 3) Hooke's law states that the extension of a spring is proportional to the applied force. The spring constant is defined as force per unit extension. 4) Circular motion results from a force acting perpendicular to motion. Speed increases with

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    12 views42 pages

    Unit 3

    Uploaded by

    fa4534197
    The document discusses concepts related to forces and motion in physics including balanced and unbalanced forces, friction, elastic deformation, and circular motion. Some key points include: 1) Balanced forces occur when forces cancel each other out, resulting in no net force. Unbalanced forces cause a change in an object's motion. 2) Friction opposes motion and can help with braking. Factors like speed, tires, and road conditions affect stopping distance. 3) Hooke's law states that the extension of a spring is proportional to the applied force. The spring constant is defined as force per unit extension. 4) Circular motion results from a force acting perpendicular to motion. Speed increases with

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 42

    PCC GSW DPS

    MODEL TOWN
    REEMEE SHAKIL

    PHYSICS
    Unit 3. Dynamics
    Content
    3.1 Forces
    3.2 Friction
    3.3 Circular motion
    1.5.1 Balanced and unbalanced forces
    1 Identify and use different types of force, including weight (gravitational force),
    friction, drag, air resistance, tension (elastic force), electrostatic force, magnetic
    force, thrust (driving force) and contact force
    2 Identify forces acting on an object and draw free-body diagram(s) representing
    the forces
    3 State Newton’s first law as ‘an object either remains at rest or continues to move
    in a straight line at constant speed unless acted on by a resultant force’
    4 State that a force may change the velocity of an object by changing its direction
    of motion or its speed
    5 Determine the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same straight line
    6 Recall and use the equation
    resultant force = mass × acceleration
    F = ma
    7 State Newton’s third law as ‘when object A exerts a force on object B, then
    object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A’
    8 Know that Newton’s third law describes pairs of forces of the same type acting
    on different objects
    What is a force?
    A force is a “push” or a “pull”. Some common examples:

    WEIGHT – pulls
    things downwards
    What is a force?
    A force is a “push” or a “pull”. Some common examples:

    An equal and opposite


    force, perpendicular to
    the surface (at right
    angles to) prevents the
    man from penetrating
    the surface
    What is a force?
    A force is a “push” or a “pull”. Some common examples:

    AIR RESISTANCE (drag) – acts


    WEIGHT – pulls against anything moving through air
    things downwards

    FRICTION – acts against


    anything moving
    UPTHRUST – keeps things afloat
    Forces are vector quantities
    because they have both size
    and direction.

    SI units
    Forces are measured in
    newtons (N)

    Small forces can be measured


    using a spring balance (or
    newton meter)
    Newton’s first law of motion

    If no external force is acting on it,


    and object will:
    - If stationary, remain stationary
    - If moving, keep moving at a
    steady speed in a straight line.

    In space, where there are no


    external forces, a satellite
    will continue to move at a
    steady speed in a straight
    line …. for ever!
    Mathematical form of Newton’s Second law
    F=ma
    Balanced forces If forces are in balance, then
    they cancel each other out, and
    the object behaves as if there is
    no force on it at all

    When terminal velocity is


    reached, the skydiver is falling
    at a steady speed. The force of
    air resistance is exactly
    balanced by the air resistance
    pushing upwards.
    Balanced or unbalanced forces?
    What will A
    happen in
    each case?
    B

    D
    When
     F1
    forces are balanced
    F2

     F2 = DRIVING FORCE, FORCE OF ENGINE
     F1= RESISTIVE FORCE, FORCE OF AIR RESISTANCE, FORCE OF FRICTION
     WHEN F1=F2
     FOR EXAMPLE F1=2N
     F2=2N

     RESULTANT FORCE=NET FORCE=TOTAL FORCE


     NET FORCE=0N
     As F=ma
     0=ma
     Either m=0 or a=0
     m can never be zero
     Therefore a=0
     A= final velocity-initial velocity/time
     A=0 is possible only when final velocity and initial velocity are the same
     This is when the car is moving with a constant velocity.
    Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
    If the forces acting on an object are balanced then the object will
    either remain stationary or continue to move with a constant speed.

    Unbalanced forces:
    If the forces acting on an object are unbalanced then the object will
    change its speed. It will begin to move, speed up, slow down or
    stop.
    Two vertical forces are acting on the object.
    There are no horizontal forces.
    Net force=0
    a=0
    v=0
    1.5.2 Friction
    1 Describe friction as a force that may impede motion
    and produce heating
    2 Understand the motion of objects acted on by a
    constant weight or driving force, with and without drag
    (including air resistance or resistance in a liquid)
    3 Explain how an object reaches terminal velocity
    4 Define the thinking distance, braking distance and
    stopping distance of a moving vehicle
    5 Explain the factors that affect thinking and braking
    distance including speed, tiredness, alcohol, drugs,
    load, tyre surface and road conditions
    Friction and Stopping Forces

    Although it is sometimes unwanted, friction can really help us – for example in


    car braking systems, and giving shoes grip on the ground.

    As the block is gently pulled, friction stops it


    moving
    increase the force and the block will start to slip
    When the block starts to move. friction HEATS
    materials up.
    Thinking Distance
    Before we react to a danger our brain takes time to
    think. The distance travelled during this time is the
    Thinking Distance (m)

    Mmh, a level
    crossing! I should
    stop now!
    Stopping distance
    The distance needed for a car, travelling at a given
    speed, to stop (m).

    Stopping distance = Thinking distance + Braking


    Distance
    Braking Distance
    Cars don’t stop straight away. They travel a
    certain distance from when you start braking
    to when they stop. This is the Braking
    Distance.

    Just in time!
    1.5.3 Elastic deformation
    1 Know that forces may produce a change in size
    and shape of an object
    2 Define the spring constant as force per unit
    extension; recall and use the equation
    spring constant = force x extension
    k = Fx
    3 Sketch, plot and interpret load–extension graphs
    for an elastic solid and describe the associated
    experimental procedures
    4 Define and use the term ‘limit of proportionality’
    for a load–extension graph and identify this point
    on the graph (an understanding of the elastic limit
    is not required)
    Robert Hooke Hooke’s Law and forces acting
    was born in 1635 on a stretched spring.
    and the 1660’s he
    devised an
    equation
    describing
    elasticity.

    • Hooke discovered that the


    amount a spring stretches is
    proportional to the amount
    of force applied to it.

    • That is, if you double the


    load the extension will
    double.
    = Hooke’s Law
    Hooke’s Law and forces acting
    on a stretched spring.

    X
    Spring constant:

    Load = spring constant x extension F = k x x

    Up to point ‘X’ the


    extension is
    proportional to the
    load. Point ‘X’ is the
    limit or
    proportionality
    For any spring, dividing
    the load (force) by the
    extension gives a value
    Beyond point ‘X’ the spring continues to behave elastically and called the spring
    returns to its original length when the force is removed. At the constant (K), provided
    elastic limit the spring behaves in a ‘plastic’ way and does not that the spring is not
    return to its original length – it is permanently stretched.
    stretched beyond its
    elastic limit.
    Limit of proportionality is the point after which further applied force is not
    supported by the Hookes law linear relationship where extension is
    directly proportional to the applied force. i.e. up to that point, Hookes
    law applies, after that point it does not. It is. however, still elastic. When the
    force is removed, the spring will still return to it's original shape.

    Elastic limit is the applied force beyond which permanent deformation


    results after removal of the applied force. The spring is no longer elastic but
    exhibits plastic behaviour.
    1.5.4 Circular motion
    1 Describe, qualitatively, motion in a
    circular path due to a force perpendicular to
    the motion as:
    (a) speed increases if force increases, with
    mass and radius constant
    (b) radius decreases if force increases, with
    mass and speed constant
    (c) an increased mass requires an increased
    force to keep speed and radius constant
    ( F = mv2 r is not required)
    CONSTUCT A PARALLELOGRAM

    PARALLELOGRAM
    If both pairs of opposite sides are equal and parallel,
    then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram
    DETERMINE THE RESULATANT OF TWO VECTORS
    BY PARRALELOGRAM METHOD

    50 N

    40 N
    scale
    10 N= 1 cm
    40 N= 4 cm
    90 N= 9cm

    50 N

    40 N

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