BY - Dr. B.

Kumar
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF ANIMAL GENETICS AND BREEDING
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna-14
BASU
Programming Language of
Computer
 Introduction of Programming Language
• We speak many languages like Hindi, English, Punjabi, Tamil, Marathi etc. These
are the regional languages through which the people of same region
communicate with each other. So a ‘language’ is a medium through which you
can express your ideas to others.
• You know that computer is a machine. It does not understand the language we
speak. If we want to communicate with a computer, we must learn its language.
 Introduction of Programming Language
• The full form of BASIC is Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
This language is best suited for beginners. This is a very user-friendly language,
which develops interest of programming in the beginners. Generally, all types of
tasks can be done using BASIC, i.e., graphics, general programs, using musical
tones, drawing figures, etc. John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz developed Basic
language in the year 1960 at Dartmouth College, USA.
 Introduction of Programming Language
• We have also seen that a computer can understand only a computer language,
which is translated into its equivalent machine level language for processing. In
this chapter, we will see how we can instruct the computer, using a high level
language called BASIC.
• Different types of computers language :
• Some of the computer languages are LOGO, BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN, C++,
JAVA, etc.
 Computer languages - LOGO
• In this chapter, we will learn about LOGO language.
• LOGO is one of the easiest and simplest computer languages. Using LOGO, you
can draw different types of figures, solve mathematical problems and can even
write messages on the screen.

• LOGO: Language Of Graphic Oriented

• Or Language Oriented Graphic Oriented
• LOGO is available in two different forms:
• (i) PC LOGO- Works with MS-DOS.
• (ii) MSW LOGO- Works with Windows operating system.
 Computer languages - LOGO
• In Starting with MSW LOGO
• To star MSW LOGO, you have to follow these steps:
• Step 1: Click on Start button.
• Step 2: Select All Programs from the Pop-up menu.
• Step 3: Click on Microsoft Windows LOGO.
• The MSW LOGO screen displays as shown below:
• The MSW LOGO Screen is basically divided into two sections:
• I. The Main Screen
• It shows the output of the program/commands. Turtle is used to draw figures and
type text in the main screen.
• II. The Commander Window
 Computer languages - LOGO
• This window is used to give commands to LOGO. It is further divided into two
parts:
• (a) Recall List Box (b) Command Input Box
•
• Command Input Box: This box is used:
• To type all the commands.
• To execute the commands by clicking on Execute button or by pressing the Enter
Key.
• Recall List Box:
• To keep all the instructions typed in the Input Box.
• To view the command that goes out of view in the Input Box. It can be done by
clicking the scroll bar.
 LOGO TURTLE
• When you open Microsoft Windows LOGO, MSW LOGO Screen appears (by
default).
• You will also notice a triangle that appears in the middle of the screen. This
triangle is known as LOGO TURTLE. This turtle is like a pen used to draw on the
screen.
• The center of the screen is called the ‘Turtle’s Home’. The turtle moves all over
the screen only when you type the commands. Whenever the turtle moves on
the screen, it leaves a trail (footstep) on the screen. The LOGO turtle has
following two points:
• The point, which is facing the upper side of the screen, is called NOSE or HEAD.
• The bottom part of the Turtle is called its BACK or TAIL.
• The turtle always moves straight in the direction of head.
 AN Exit LOGO

• After completing your work in LOGO, it is necessary to come out of LOGO. You
can exit LOGO by typing “BYE” in the Input box and pressing the Enter key.
• Click on File option and select Exit from drop down menu. This way, you will go
back to the Windows desktop.
• LOGO Commands
• Command means giving orders to the computer in its language. In case of
LOGO, the turtle moves on the screen following the commands given by you.
• Let us learn about the different types of commands given in LOGO.
 Different Types of LOGO Commands

• Let us learn about the different types of commands given in LOGO.

• Forward Command (FD)
• Back Command (BK)
• Right Command (RT)
• Left Command (LT)
 Home Command
• HOME is a primitive. This command brings the turtle back to its starting position.
When we give HOME command, the turtle comes back to the center of the
screen with its head pointing upwards.
• Let us take an example:
• FD 60
• RT 90
• FD 40
• HOME
• Clear Screen (CS)
• The short form of Clear Screen is CS. This command erases the drawing, which
is on the screen and brings the turtle to its Home (Center of the screen). It is
always to start work with a clear screen.
 we learn BASIC language programming, let us
define a program.
• Program: A program is step-by-step set of instructions, given to a computer,
using a computer language, to solve a problem. Every computer language follows
some particular rules for processing. We must follow these language rules if we
want the computer to give meaningful results. BASIC language also follows
certain rules. Some of the main points that we should take care of while writing a
BASIC Program are given below:
• Every statement must begin with a line number.
• The line number must be a positive integer.
• Line numbers must be in ascending order.
• After completion of each line, you must press the Enter Key.
 BASIC Commands and Statements
• When some instructions are given to a computer, they can either be in the form of
a command or a set of commands.
• Command
• Command means order. It is a single word, which tells the computer to do a
specific task. The different BASIC commands are:
• CLS, RUN, LIST, SAVE, DELETE, LOAD etc.
• For example, if you already have some text on the screen on C-prompt and you
want to clear the screen, type CLS and press Enter key. It clears the screen as
shown:
• Statement
• These are the set of instructions, which can only be used in a group. They are
used to write programs to obtain desired output from the computer. The different
statements available in BASIC are: LET, GOTO, INPUT, IF-THEN, PRINT, READ-
DATA, FOR_NEXT etc.
 BASIC Commands and Statements
• Statement
• These are the building blocks of a program.
• These are the set of instructions to a program.
• Each statement requires a line number.
• Command
• It is a single word to perform a specific task.
• It gives a specific order to a program (i.e. what to do).
• A command may or may not require a line number.
 Different Types of Command
• When you want to write a program in GWBASIC, you should know the following
commands/statements, which are essentially needed. These
commands/statements are:
• NEW Command
• If you want to start typing a new program, use NEW command before writing the
program.
• CLS Command
• CLS means clear the screen but not the contents of the memory. Sometimes, it is
required to clear the screen before writing on the screen. So type CLS and press
Enter key as shown:
• END Command
• END command is used to terminate a program permanently and it can be used
only once. It has to be the last statement of the BASIC program
Thank
you