A core concept in Filipino Social Psychology

By : Virgilio G. Enriquez

Jouana Farlin Seva MA I/O

understanding society is most probably identifiable in its own language rich source of concepts meaningful for and significant to the local culture Identification of some supposedly Filipino national values; hiya (shame), pakikisama (yielding to the will of the leader/majority), utang na loob (gratitude), amor propio (sensitivity to personal affront), bayanihan (togethernes)

Santiago and Enriquez (1976) identified 8 levels and modes of social interaction in Filipino: Pakikitungo- (transaction with civility) Pakikisalamuha- (interaction with) Pakikilahok- (joining or parting with) Pakikibagay-(in conformity with/in accord with) Pakikisama- (being along with) Pakikipagpalagayan/pakikiapagpalagayang-loob(being in rapport/understanding/acceptance with) Pakikisangkot- (getting involved with Pakikiisa- (being one with)

Five levels under 2 categories Ibang tao (outsider) 1. Pakikitungo- (level of amenities) 2. Pakikibagay- (level of conforming) 3. Pakikisama- (level of adjusting)

Hindi ibang tao or one of us category 1. Pakikipagpalagayangloob (level of mutual trust) 2. Pakikiisa (level of fusion, oneness, and full trust)

Colonial/ Accommodative Surface Values Associated Behavior Patterns Confrontative Surface Values Pivotal Interpersonal Value CORE VALUE Linking SocioPersonal Values Associated Societal Values

Hiya Utang na Loob (propriety/ dignity) (gratitude/ solidarity) Biro (joke) Bahala na (detremination) Lambing (sweetness) Sama/ lakas lng loob (resentment/ guts)

Pakikisama (companionship/ esteem) Tampo (affectivedisappointment) Pakikibaka (resistance)

Pakiramdam (Pakikipagkapwa-tao) (shared identity) KAPWA (pagkatao) (shared identity) Kagandahang-loob (Pagkamatao) (shared humanity) Karangalan Kalagayan (dignigty) (freedom) Katarungan (justice)

BOTH AND FELLOW BEING (CALDERON, 1957; DE GUZMAN , 968;PANGANIBAN, 1972; ENRIQUEZ, 1979)

THE UNITY OF SELF AND OTHERS RECOGNITION OF SHARED IDENTITY

Pakikipagkapwaincludes pagtutunguhan and at the same time include an idea, value or paninindigan (conviction) Pagtutunguhansuperficial level while pakikipagkapwahumaness to its highest level

Brislin (1977) noted that all cultures distingush between the in group and the out group, the member and the non-member or the outsider or insider. He surmised that this might be an example of a universal or an etic distinction.

The barkada or peer group would not be happy with walang pakikisama but the Philippines society at large cannot accept the walang kapwa-tao. Pakikipagkapwa- is both a paninindigan and a value and all the levels of interaction Madali ang maging tao, mahirap ang magpakatao

Virgilio Enriquez

Pag-unlad ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino Pinapaksa ang mga isyung Pilosopikal kaugnay ng katutubong Sikolohiyang Pilipino Tinatalakay rin ang mga batayang konseptong Pilipino

a)

b)

c)

Inappropriateness/ even patent inapplicability of Western models in the Third World setting.. There are no suitable alternative indigenous models and concepts to use. There are those who see nothing at issue at all because they are convinced that any departure from the Western approach is blasphemy at the altar of science

Graumann noted Oconnels (1970) perception of an uncritical dependence on American psychology as evidenced 50% (or even 80%) of all psychologists in the world live in the USA and a similar high percentage of more than 20, 000 yearly psychological publications are written in English American Dominance Same as Hoshino & Umemotos (1986) report on Japanese Psychology d.) language barriers e.) professional bias..

3 primary areas of protest 1. As a sikolohiyang malaya against a psychology that perpetuates a colonial status of a Filipino mind 2. The movement is against the importation & imposition of psychology in the Third World that has been developed in and is appropriate to industrialized countries 3. As a sikolohiyang malaya, the movement is against a psychology used for the exploitation of the masses

Sikolohiyang Pilipino- emerged through the use of local language .. can explained through a metaphor through the difference between a tao sa bahay (person in the house) and a taong bahay (house person).

San Buenaventura (1983) 3 major goals: 1. Pagsasakatutubo (indigenization) 2. Pagkaagham (Science) 3. Pagka-Pilipino (appropriateness of the Filipino identity) Lagmay (1984) stated sikolohiyang pilipino should evolve on the basis of total approach

Language: Identification of supposedly Filipino national values Hiya (shame) Pakikisama (yielding to the leader of majority) Utang na loob (gratitude) Amor propio (sensitivity to personal affront) Bayanihan (togetherness in common effort) search for the English equivalent of the indigenous term..

Ex. In the language of food by the middle class people of Bulacan Outsider: pakikitungo (level of amenities) , pakikisama (level of adjusting) & pakikibigay (level of conforming) One of us: pakikipaglagayang-loob (level of mutual trust) & pakikiisa (level of fusion) Pakikipag-kapwa- humanness to its highest level

Pakikiramdam- shared inner perception feeling for another person; person w/o this cannot possibly have pakikisama & utang na loob; one cannot expect hiya from a person w/o pakikiramdam Can also be illustrated by masamang tao: walang pakikisama, walang hiya, walang utang na loob walang pakikiramdam- mahid (numb); no feelings walang pakikisama- He will eventually learn or Thats his prerogative walang hiya- His parents should teach him a thing or two walang utang na loob- Lets just avoid him walang kapwa-tao- He must have reached rock bottom or Napakasama niya

Is the foundation of human values which determines not only the persons personality but his/ her personhood pagkatao. Without kapwa, one ceases to be a Filipino & human

Pagtatanung-tanong- (asking around) derived from Filipino word tanong Repetition of the words means that the question is asked several times of different informants; research method essential in cross between surveys and informant interviewing Paali-aligid- (casing) method that generally serves the grounf for pakikisalamuha Needs the cooperation of a tulay or bridge/medium to reach a higher level of interaction with the participants Pakikisalamuha- needed for interaction with participants in their natural habitat Pagdalaw-dalaw- maintaning contact