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Nonvolatile Bios Memory

The document discusses non-volatile BIOS memory, also known as CMOS RAM. It is a small memory on motherboards that stores BIOS settings when power is off, powered by a small "CMOS" battery. It is referred to as non-volatile memory because it retains state after power loss due to the battery. The summary also mentions causes of CMOS mismatch errors and methods for resetting CMOS settings.

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57 views11 pages

Nonvolatile Bios Memory

The document discusses non-volatile BIOS memory, also known as CMOS RAM. It is a small memory on motherboards that stores BIOS settings when power is off, powered by a small "CMOS" battery. It is referred to as non-volatile memory because it retains state after power loss due to the battery. The summary also mentions causes of CMOS mismatch errors and methods for resetting CMOS settings.

Uploaded by

aaaasssrt0
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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University Of Mosul

College Of Pharmacy

Nonvolatile bios memory

‫ احمد محمود حمدي‬-:‫االسم‬


second stage
introduction

 Nonvolatile BIOS memory refers to a small memory on PC motherboards that is


used to store BIOS settings. It is traditionally called CMOS RAM because it uses
a volatile, low-power complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
(CMOS) SRAM (such as the Motorola MC146818 or similar) powered by a small
"CMOS" battery when system and standby power is off.
Why referred to as non-volatile memory

• it is referred to as non-volatile memory or NVRAM because, after the system


loses power, it does retain state by virtue of the CMOS battery. The typical
NVRAM capacity is 256 bytes.
• The CMOS RAM and the real-time clock have been integrated as a part of
the southbridge chipset and it may not be a standalone chip on modern
motherboards
CMOS mismatch

CMOS mismatch errors typically occur if the computer's power-on self-test program
Finds a device that is not reco
rded in the CMOS

Does not find a device that is


recorded in the CMOS.

Finds a device that has different setting


s than those recorded for it in CMOS.

Detects a CMOS checksum er


ror.
CMOS battery

The memory and realtime clock are generally powered by a CR2032 lithium coin ce
lThese cells last two to ten years, depending on the type of motherboard, ambient te
mperature and the length of time that the system is powered off, while other commo
n cell types can last significantly longer or shorter periods, such as the CR2016 whic
h will generally last about 40% as long
Resetting the CMOS settings

To access the BIOS setup when the machine fails to operate, occasionally a drastic move is
required. In older computers with batterybacked RAM, removal of the battery and short cir
cuiting the battery input terminals for a while did the job; in some more modern machines
this move only resets the RTC. Some motherboards offer a CMOS-
reset jumper or a reset button.
volatile memory

Volatile memory is a type of memory that maintains its data only while the device
is powered. If the power is interrupted for any reason, the data is lost.
Examples of volatile memory?

System RAM
(DRAM)

HDD and
Video RAM
SSD disk
(VRAM)
cache.

Processor L1
and L2 cache.

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