Bio-

composting
 From Waste to Gold: The
Art of Bio Composting

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 contents

1 What is bio composting?

2 The benefits of bio
composting?
3 How does bio composting
work??
4 Types of bio composting?
5 Getting started with bio
composting
6 conclusion
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 What is bio composting???

Bio composting is a natural process of breaking down organic

waste into nutrient-rich soil. It involves the use of
microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to decompose
organic matter, including food scraps, yard waste, and other
biodegradable materials.
This process is an eco-friendly alternative to traditional
waste disposal methods that often involve burning or burying
waste in landfills. By composting, we can reduce the amount
of waste that ends up in landfills and create a valuable
resource for our gardens and farms.

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 In natural systems, no such thing as "waste" exists. Energy
and matter captured by life processes are released upon the
breakdown of organic substances only to be re-utilized by
living organisms within the system. Long-term soil fertility is
maintained in natural systems because the residues of
biological decomposition are reused by them to foster new
growth. The transformation and flow of the nutrient-
containing chemical compounds involved in this process is
often referred to as "nutrient cycling". Nutrient cycling helps
ensure the stability of natural systems over time by linking the
processes of synthesis (build-up) and degradation
(breakdown)

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 Benefits of bio composting

1. Recycle Garbage Waste

Compost making uses the kitchen and other waste
innovatively, reducing the garbage amount
significantly. A reduced amount of waste helps in
reducing air pollution by minimizing concentrated,
toxic methane gas that is released into the atmosphere.

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2. Budget-Friendly
Composting is an economical option for home growers as it eliminates the expenses of fertilizer that
are harmful to the soil. It is a great option to grow chemical-free fruits and vegetables at zero cost!
3. Healthy Supplement for the Soil
Composting adds a great amount of nutrition to the soil and making it porous and water retentive. It
works as an organic fertilizer for producing quality fruits and vegetables free of toxic chemicals. It
also enhances the nutrient-holding capacity of the soil, improves its texture, and also stabilizes the
pH.

4. Suppresses Weed and Pests Attack

Compost also suppresses the weed, pests, pathogens, and diseases, eliminating the need for harmful
pesticides in the garden.
5. Encourages Beneficial Microbes Growth
Unlike other chemical fertilizers, compost does not kill the beneficial microbes present in the soil;
instead, it encourages the growth of beneficial critters, microorganisms, and fungi that break down
and decompose the organic material for generating humus.
 How does
bio
composting
work???

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Food turns into compost through the hard work of small microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

On a small scale, in your backyard or neighborhood, a compost pile should consist of three things: food scraps,
water, and dry, woody material like yard trimmings or raked leaves.
Yard trimmings are frequently referred to as “browns” and are high in carbon. Food scraps are called “greens”
and are high in nitrogen. A compost pile should typically have twice as many browns as it does greens.
Aside from preventing a pile from turning into a sloshy mess, browns are bulkier and create space for oxygen
to move throughout the pile. That oxygen helps tiny microbes decompose food waste through a process called
aerobic digestion.

In landfills, deep piles of trash prevent oxygen from reaching decomposing food, and it’s instead broken down
by microbes that can survive without air. The anaerobic digestion practiced by those microbes produces
methane.
In contrast, as aerobic microbes break down waste—”first, easier sugary compounds, and then proteins and
fats, and then finally fiber , they emit carbon dioxide, which is also a greenhouse gas, but less potent than
methane.
The microbes also give off heat, and in a large, well-managed pile, that heat can reach over 130 degrees
Fahrenheit, enough to kill pathogens.
The fresh compost left after several months is in a slower state of decomposition; it’s rich with microorganisms
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and nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
 Types of bio composting

Aerobic bio composting Anaerobic bio composting

1generally
anaerobic composting
takes place in
nature. Composting
progresses without the which
1 Decomposition of organic entanglement of oxygen is
known as anaerobic
matter using microorganisms composting.
that require oxygen is known as 2nitrogen
breakdown
to of organic
ammonia and
organic
aerobic composting. acids;
(CH4) release
from of methane
the
decomposition
of carbon compounds
2 As a result of aerobic
decomposition carbon
dioxide (CO2), water and heat are
released as by-products
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 Getting started with bio composting

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 How to make a successful pile ?

At home, you should stir or mix the pile periodically and

keep it damp. Both those steps will speed up the
decomposition process. The stirring allows oxygen to reach
all the nooks and crannies, and the dampness assures survival
of the microorganisms, which need moisture to live.
In fact, the most common reason backyard compost piles are
unsuccessful is because they are too dry. But don’t drown the
pile—adding more greens, which contain moisture, may be
enough. If not, spraying water gently over the pile should do
the trick.

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 Compost Ingredients
Organisms that decompose organic waste need four key elements to thrive: nitrogen,
carbon, air, and water. Since all compostable materials contain carbon, with varying
amounts of nitrogen, composting successfully is just a matter of using the right
combination of materials to achieve the best ratio of carbon to nitrogen and
maintaining the right amounts of air and water to yield the best results. The ideal
carbon-to-nitrogen ratio for a compost pile is 25 to 30 parts carbon for every 1 part
nitrogen. If your pile has too much carbon-rich material, it will be drier and take
longer to break down. Too much nitrogen-rich material can end up creating a slimy,
wet, and smelly compost pile. Fortunately, these problems are easily remedied by
adding carbon-rich or nitrogen-rich material as needed.
“Greens” for Nitrogen
Nitrogen is one of the basic building blocks of life, and it is an essential element for
growth and reproduction in both plants and animals. A higher nitrogen-to-carbon
ratio is most commonly found in fresh organic material (often referred to as greens).
Having plenty of greens in your compost pile makes sure the decomposers can grow
and reproduce quickly. Some household greens you can add to your home compost
pile are fresh grass clippings, food scraps, and coffee grounds.

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“Browns” for Carbon
Another essential compound for all life forms is carbon, higher proportions of which can be found in brown plant
material. Carbon acts as a food source for decomposers, helping to keep them alive while they break down waste.
Typical browns you can add to a compost pile include dead leaves, branches, twigs, and paper.
To achieve the best carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in your home compost, a rule of thumb is to put in two to four parts
brown materials for every one part green materials.
Oxygen and Water
Finally, like any other living organism, decomposers need oxygen and water to survive. To ensure a faster home
composting process, you will need to make sure your compost system has the right amount of air and water. As
mentioned above, if you are not in a rush for finished compost, you do not have to maintain your waste; the
decomposition will still take place, just at a much slower pace. Optimal air flow can be achieved by layering
materials, making sure your materials are in small pieces (ideally no thicker than a finger), and turning piles
regularly (or adding another type of aeration system). As for water, the ideally moist household compost pile will be
about as wet as a wrung-out sponge. If you are including food waste in your pile, it’s likely it will be wet enough,
but if not, just add water.

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 conclusion
In conclusion, bio composting is a simple and effective way to reduce waste,
improve soil health, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By composting at
home or on a larger scale, we can make a positive impact on the environment
and create a valuable resource for our gardens and farms.
So why not give it a try? With just a little effort, you can start
composting today and reap the benefits for years to come.

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Thank you
Prepared by

Riya (2022/16/107)

Suhani(2022/16/019)

Rahul (2022/16/ )

Muskan(2022/ / )

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