Python- Decision-Making (Conditional Statements)

• Decision-making is the anticipation of conditions occurring during the execution of a

program and specified actions taken according to the conditions.
• Decision structures evaluate multiple expressions, which produce TRUE or FALSE as
the outcome.
• You need to determine which action to take and which statements to execute if the
outcome is TRUE or FALSE otherwise.
• The general form of a typical decision making structure
 Python- Decision-making
• Python programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null values as TRUE,
and any zero or null values as FALSE value.
• Python programming language provides the following types of decision-making
statements.
 Python- Decision-making cont..
IF Statement
• The IF statement is similar to that of other languages. The if statement contains a logical
• expression using which the data is compared and a decision is made based on the result
• of the comparison.
Syntax
if expression:
statement(s)
• If the boolean expression evaluates to TRUE, then the block of statement(s) inside the if
statement is executed.
• In Python, statements in a block are uniformly indented after the : symbol.
• If boolean expression evaluates to FALSE, then the first set of code after the end of block
is executed.
 Python- Decision-making cont..
Example:
Flow Diagram #!/usr/bin/python3
var1 = 10
if var1:
print ("1 - Got a true expression value")
print (var1)
var2 = 0
if var2:
print ("2 - Got a true expression value")
print (var2)

Output:
1- Got a true expression value
10
 Python- Decision-making cont..
IF...ELIF...ELSE Statement
• An else statement can be combined with an if statement.
• An else statement contains a block of code that executes if the conditional expression
in the if statement resolves to 0 or a FALSE value.
• The else statement is an optional statement and there could be at the most only one
else statement following if.
Syntax
The syntax of the if...else statement is
if
expression:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
 Python- Decision-making cont..
Flow Diagram #!/usr/bin/python3
amount=int(input("Enter amount: "))
if amount<1000:
discount=amount*0.05
print ("Discount",discount)
else:
discount=amount*0.10
print ("Discount",discount)
print ("Net payable:",amount-discount)

Output:
Enter amount: 600
Discount 30.0
Net payable: 570.0
Enter amount: 1200
Discount 120.0
 Python- Decision-making cont..
The elif Statement
• The elif statement allows you to check multiple expressions for TRUE and execute a block of code
as soon as one of the conditions evaluates to TRUE.
• Similar to the else, the elif statement is optional.
• However, unlike else, for which there can be at the most one statement, there can be an arbitrary
number of elif statements following an if.

Syntax
if expression1:
statement(s)
elif expression2:
statement(s)
elif expression3:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
 Python- Decision-making cont..
Example:
Output:
#!/usr/bin/python3
Enter amount: 600
amount=int(input("Enter amount: ")) Discount 30.0
if amount<1000: Net payable: 570.0
discount=amount*0.05
print ("Discount",discount) Enter amount: 3000
elif amount<5000: Discount 300.0
discount=amount*0.10 Net payable: 2700.0
print ("Discount",discount)
else: Enter amount: 6000
discount=amount*0.15 Discount 900.0
print ("Discount",discount) Net payable: 5100.0
print ("Net payable:",amount-discount)
 Python- Decision-making cont..
Nested IF Statements
• There may be a situation when you want to check for another condition after a condition
resolves to true. In such a situation, you can use the nested if construct.
• In a nested if construct, you can have an if...elif...else construct inside another if...elif...else
construct.
• Syntax
if expression1: elif expression4:
statement(s) statement(s)
if expression2: else:
statement(s) statement(s)
elif expression3:
statement(s)
else
statement(s)
 Python- Decision-making cont..
Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3 Output:
num=int(input(“Enter number "))
if num%2==0: Enter number 10
divisible by 2 not divisible by 3
if num%3==0:
print ("Divisible by 3 and 2") Enter number 15
else: divisible by 3 not divisible by 2
print ("divisible by 2 not divisible by 3")
Enter number 12
else:
Divisible by 3 and 2
if num%3==0:
print ("divisible by 3 not divisible by 2") Enter number 7
else: not Divisible by 2 not divisible by 3
print ("not Divisible by 2 not divisible by 3")
 Python- Decision-making cont..
Single Statement Suites
• If the suite of an if clause consists only of a single line, it may go on the same line as the
header statement.
• Example of a one-line if clause-
#!/usr/bin/python3
var = 100
if ( var == 100 ) : print ("Value of expression is 100")
print ("Single Statement Suite Example")

Output:
Value of expression is 100
Single Statement Suite Example
 Python-Loops
• In general, statements are executed sequentially-
• The first statement in a function is executed first,
followed by the second, and so on.
• There may be a situation when you need to
execute a block of code several number of times.
• Programming languages provide various control
structures that allow more complicated execution
paths.
• A loop statement allows us to execute a statement
or group of statements multiple times.
 Python-Loops
Python programming language provides the following types of loops to handle looping
requirements.
 Python-Loops
Python programming language provides the following types of loops to handle looping
requirements.
while Loop Statements
A while loop statement in Python programming language repeatedly executes a target
statement as long as a given condition is true.

Syntax
The syntax of a while loop in Python programming language is
while expression:
statement(s)

In Python, all the statements indented by the same number of character spaces after a
programming construct are considered to be part of a single block of code.
Python uses indentation as its method of grouping statements.
 Python-Loops
while Loop Statements Flow Diagram

When the condition is tested and the result is

false, the loop body will be skipped and the first
statement after the while loop will be executed.
Example: Output:

#!/usr/bin/python3 The count is: 0

count = 0 The count is: 1
while (count < 6): The count is: 2
print ('The count is:', count) The count is: 3
count = count + 1 The count is: 4
print (“End of Loop") The count is: 5
End of Loop
 Python-Loops
The Infinite Loop
• A loop becomes infinite loop if a condition never becomes FALSE.
• You must be cautious when using while loops because of the possibility that this
condition never resolves to a FALSE value.
• This results in a loop that never ends. Such a loop is called an infinite loop.
• An infinite loop might be useful in client/server programming where the server needs to
run continuously so that client programs can communicate with it as and when required.
 Python-Loops
The Infinite Loop Example Output:
#!/usr/bin/python3
var = 1 Enter a number :20
while var == 1 : # This constructs an infinite You entered: 20
loop Enter a number :29
num = int(input("Enter a number :")) You entered: 29
print ("You entered: ", num) Enter a number :3
print (“Infinite Loop!") You entered: 3
Enter a number :Traceback (most recent call
The above example goes in an infinite last):
loop and you need to use CTRL+C to exit File "examples\test.py", line 5, in
the program. num = int(input("Enter a number :"))
KeyboardInterrupt
 Python-Loops
Using else Statement with Loops
Python supports having an else statement associated with a loop statement.
• If the else statement is used with a for loop, the else statement is executed when the loop
has exhausted iterating the list.
• If the else statement is used with a while loop, the else statement is executed when the
condition becomes false.
The following example illustrates the combination of an else statement with a while statement
that prints a number as long as it is less than 5, otherwise the else statement gets executed..
#!/usr/bin/python3 Output:
count = 0 0 is less than 5
while count < 5: 1 is less than 5
print (count, " is less than 5") 2 is less than 5
count = count + 1 3 is less than 5
else: 4 is less than 5
print (count, " is not less than 5") 5 is not less than 5
 Python-Loops
Single Statement Suites
Similar to the if statement syntax, if your while clause consists only of a single statement,
it may be placed on the same line as the while header.
Here is the syntax and example of a one-line while clause-

Example:
#!/usr/bin/python3
flag = 1
while (flag): print ('Given flag is really true!')
print (“Single Suite Example!")

The above example goes into an infinite loop and you need to press CTRL+C keys to exit.
 Python-Loops
for Loop Statements
The for statement in Python has the ability to iterate over the items of any sequence, such as a
list or a string.
Syntax
for iterating_var in sequence:
statements(s)

• If a sequence contains an expression list, it is evaluated first.

• Then, the first item in the sequence is assigned to the iterating variable iterating_var.
• Next, the statements block is executed.
• Each item in the list is assigned to iterating_var, and the statement(s) block is executed
until the entire sequence is exhausted.
 Python-Loops
Flow Diagram
 Python-Loops
The range() function
• The built-in function range() is the right function to iterate over a sequence of numbers.
• It generates an iterator of arithmetic progressions.
>>> range(5)
range(0, 5)
>>> list(range(5))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
• range() generates an iterator to progress integers starting with 0 upto n-1.
• To obtain a list object of the sequence, it is typecasted to list(). Output:
• Now this list can be iterated using the for statement. 0
1
>>> for var in list(range(5)): 2
print (var) 3
4
 Python-Loops
Example Output:
#!/usr/bin/python3
for letter in 'Python': # traversal of a string sequence Current Letter : P
print ('Current Letter :', letter) Current Letter : y
print() Current Letter : t
langs= ['C', 'C++', 'Java'] Current Letter : h
for lang in langs: # traversal of List sequence Current Letter : o
print ('Current Language:', lang) Current Letter : n
print (“For Loop Example")
Current Language : C
Current Language : C++
Current Language : Java
For Loop Example
 Python-Loops
Iterating by Sequence Index
An alternative way of iterating through each item is by index offset into the sequence
itself.
Output:
Example:
Current Language : C
#!/usr/bin/python3 Current Language : C++
langs= [C', C++', Java'] Current Language : Java
for index in range(len(langs)): Iterating by Sequence Index
print ('Current Language :', langs[index])
print ("Iterating by Sequence Index")

The len() built-in function provides the total number of elements in the tuple as well as
the range() built-in function to give the actual sequence to iterate over.
 Python- Loops
Using else Statement with Loops
Python supports having an else statement associated with a loop statement.
• If the else statement is used with a for loop, the else block is executed only if for loops
terminates normally (and not by encountering break statement).
• If the else statement is used with a while loop, the else statement is executed when the condition
becomes false.
• Example
#!/usr/bin/python3
numbers=[15,31,51,39,55,75,37,21,23,41,13]
for num in numbers:
if num%2==0: Output:
print (‘The list contains an even number') The list does not contain even number
break
else:
print (‘The list does not contain even number')
 Python- Loops
Nested loops
• Python programming language allows the use of one loop inside another loop.
• The following section shows a few examples to illustrate the concept.
• Syntax
for iterating_var in sequence:
for iterating_var in sequence:
statements(s)
statements(s)
The syntax for a nested while loop statement in Python programming language is as follows
while expression:
while expression: Any type of loop can be embedded inside any other type of loop.
statement(s) For example a for loop can be inside a while loop or vice versa.
statement(s)
 Python- Loops
Nested loops
Output:
Example:
#!/usr/bin/python3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
import sys 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
for i in range(1,11): 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
for j in range(1,11): 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
k=i*j 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
print (k, end=' ') 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70
print() 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80
9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• The print() function inner loop has end=' ' which appends a space instead of default
newline. Hence, the numbers will appear in one row.
 Python- Loops
Loop Control Statements
• The Loop control statements change the execution from its normal sequence.
• When the execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope are
destroyed.
• Python supports the following control statements.
 Python- Loops
Loop Control Statements
break statement
• The break statement is used for premature termination of the current loop.
• After abandoning the loop, execution at the next statement is resumed, just like the
traditional break statement in C.
• The most common use of break is when some external condition is triggered requiring a
hasty exit from a loop.
• The break statement can be used in both while and for loops.
• If you are using nested loops, the break statement stops the execution of the innermost loop
and starts executing the next line of the code after the block.
 Python- Loops
Loop Control Statements
break statement
Syntax
The syntax for a break statement in Python is as follows:
break

Example
#!/usr/bin/python3
for letter in 'Python': # First Example
Output:
if letter == 'h':
Current Letter : P
break Current Letter : y
print ('Current Letter :', letter) Current Letter : t
 Python- Loops
Loop Control Statements
break statement
Example
#!/usr/bin/python3

Output:
var = 10 # Second Example
Current variable value : 10
while var > 0: Current variable value : 9
print ('Current variable value :', var) Current variable value : 8
Current variable value : 7
var = var -1 Current variable value : 6
if var == 5: break statement!
break
print (“break statement!")
 Python- Loops
Loop Control Statements
break statement
Output:
Example
#!/usr/bin/python3 Any number: 33
no=int(input('any number: ')) number found in list
numbers=[11,33,55,39,55,75,37,21,23,41,13]
any number: 5
for num in numbers:
number not found in list
if num==no:
print ('number found in list')
break
else:
print ('number not found in list')
 Python- Loops
Loop Control Statements
continue statement
• The continue statement in Python returns the control
to the beginning of the current loop.
• When encountered, the loop starts next iteration
without executing the remaining statements in the
current iteration.
• The continue statement can be used in both while
and for loops.

Syntax
continue
 Python- Loops
#!/usr/bin/python3
for letter in 'Python': # First Example Output:
if letter == 'h': Current Letter : P
continue
Current Letter : y
print ('Current Letter :', letter)
Current Letter : t
var = 5 # Second Example Current Letter : o
while var > 0: Current Letter : n
var = var -1 Current variable value : 4
if var == 3: Current variable value : 2
continue Current variable value : 1
print ('Current variable value :', var)
Current variable value : 0
print ("continue statement")
continue statement
 Python- Loops
Loop Control Statements
pass statement
• It is used when a statement is required syntactically but you do not want any command
or code to execute.
• The pass statement is a null operation; nothing happens when it executes.
• The pass statement is also useful in places where your code will eventually go, but has
not been written yet i.e. in stubs).
Syntax Example: Output:
pass #!/usr/bin/python3 Current Letter : P
for letter in 'Python': Current Letter : y
if letter == 'h': Current Letter : t
pass This is pass block
print ('This is pass block') Current Letter : h
print ('Current Letter :', letter) Current Letter : o
print ("Good bye!") Current Letter : n
 Python- Loops
Loop Control Statements
pass statement
• It is used when a statement is required syntactically but you do not want any command
or code to execute.
• The pass statement is a null operation; nothing happens when it executes.
• The pass statement is also useful in places where your code will eventually go, but has
not been written yet i.e. in stubs).
Syntax Example: Output:
pass #!/usr/bin/python3 Current Letter : P
for letter in 'Python': Current Letter : y
if letter == 'h': Current Letter : t
pass This is pass block
print ('This is pass block') Current Letter : h
print ('Current Letter :', letter) Current Letter : o
print ("Good bye!") Current Letter : n