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Lecture0 Introduction To Computing

The document provides an introduction to computing and discusses key topics like what a computer is, computer organization, memory organization, computer programs, machine languages, assembly languages, high-level languages, the history of C and C++, and other high-level languages like Java. A computer is a device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions. The basic design of computers includes input, output, CPU, memory, storage, and communication units. Stored programs allow instructions to be saved for future use. Von Neumann architecture is the basis for modern computer design.

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Pacino Al
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25 views21 pages

Lecture0 Introduction To Computing

The document provides an introduction to computing and discusses key topics like what a computer is, computer organization, memory organization, computer programs, machine languages, assembly languages, high-level languages, the history of C and C++, and other high-level languages like Java. A computer is a device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions. The basic design of computers includes input, output, CPU, memory, storage, and communication units. Stored programs allow instructions to be saved for future use. Von Neumann architecture is the basis for modern computer design.

Uploaded by

Pacino Al
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computing

Introduction

1
What is a Computer?
 Computer
Device capable of performing computations
and making logical decisions (i.e. executing
instructions)
Super computers, PC, mobile phones, microwave
ovens, …

 Vary mainly in terms of speed and resources


available

 Same fundamental design

2
TPU
TPU
Computer Organization Memory

Input Unit GPU


Memory GPU

CPU
Arithmetic Storage Unit
& Logic
Unit Memory Unit

Control Communication
Unit Unit

Flow of data

Output Unit Bus(es)


3
Concept of Stored Program
 A set of computer instructions forms a program

 Programs can be stored in some form for future


use and for repeated invocation

 Early computers could not store a program, thus


operators had to issue instructions repeatedly

 Later on, programs can be stored using devices


and circuits
4
von Neumann Architecture

 Basis of modern computer design

 Data and program are both stored in the


computer's memory in the same address
space

 Memory centric

5
Computer Organization
1. Input unit
 Obtains information from input devices
 Keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, camera, …

2. Output unit
 Takes information processed by computer
 Places information on output devices
 Screen, printer, 3D printer, speaker, …
 Information used to control other devices

6
Computer Organization

3. Central processing unit (CPU)


 CU (Control Units)
 Supervises and coordinates other sections of
computer

 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)


 Performs arithmetic calculations and logic
decisions

7
Computer Organization
4. Memory unit (= Primary Memory = Main Memory)
 Rapid access, relatively low capacity “warehouse”
section

 Retains information from input/ storage/


communication unit
 Immediately available for processing

 Retains processed information


 Until placed on output/ storage/ communication devices

 Refers to the Random Access Memory (RAM)


8
Computer Organization
5. Secondary storage unit
 Long-term, high-capacity “warehouse” section
 Storage
 Data and programs that are not immediately needed
 Secondary storage devices
 Disks, Optical discs, Solid-state memory drive

 Longer to access than primary memory


 Speed: MB/s; Latency: ms
 Less expensive per unit than primary memory
 Cost: $/GB

9
Computer Organization
 Communication unit/ device/ technology
 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
 Blue-tooth, NFC, RFID, …
 Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac)
 Wi-Max
 Infra-red
 Fibre-optics
 GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G, …

 HTTP/S, FTP, BT, SSH, …


10
Memory Organization
 In the lowest level, computers understand only
0's and 1's.

 Computer memory stores a sequence of 0's and


1's.

 Each such storage unit is called a bit.

 Eight bits are grouped together to form a larger


storage unit called a byte.
11
Memory Organization (con't)

 Each byte has a unique address for identification.


 Computer memory can thus be viewed as a series
of bytes.
12
What is a Computer Program?

 Computer programs
Sets of instructions that tells the computer
how to process the data

Writing computer programs means writing sets


of instructions in some languages that tell the
computer what to do.

13
Machine Languages
 Language that a computer directly understands
 Defined by hardware design
 Machine-dependent
 Made up of 0s and 1s
 Instruct computers to perform elementary operations
 One at a time
 Example:
00010101000101010100010110000001 means add a & b
10100101011010101010101010101010 means jmp loc
00000011111100000011111100000010 means int 21h

 Cumbersome( 笨重，累赘。麻烦 ) for humans


14
Assembly Languages
 English-like abbreviations representing
elementary computer operations
 Easier for humans to read and write
 Incomprehensible to computers
 Translator programs (assemblers)
 Convert to machine language
 Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY

 Still quite troublesome to use 15


High-Level Languages (HLL)
 More English-like, use common mathematical
notations

 Single statements accomplish substantial tasks


 Assembly language requires many instructions to accomplish
simple tasks

 An example HLL statement:


grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

16
High-Level Languages (HLL)
 HLL Compilation and Interpretation
 The process of translating HLL programs to machine
code (or object code, intermediate code, binary
code)

 Done by Hand! – during early development phases

 Done by Compilers – software translator


 Result is usually saved in a binary file, e.g., object file

 Interpreters – a special form of compiler


 Translate high-level language programs AND
 Execute (run) directly 17
High Level Languages

 Different high-level languages were


designed to serve different purposes

 Basic, Pascal, C, C++, C#, Java, Fortran,


Perl, Lisp, Cobol, PHP, JavaScript, …

18
History of C and C++
 History of C
 Evolved from two other programming languages
 BCPL and B
 Dennis Ritchie (Bell Laboratories)
 Added data typing, other features
 Development language of UNIX
 Hardware independent
 Portable programs
 1989: ANSI standard
 1990: ANSI and ISO standard published
 ANSI/ISO 9899: 1990

19
History of C and C++
 History of C++
 Extension of C
 Early 1980s: Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Laboratories)
 Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming (OOP)
 Objects: reusable software components
• Model items in real world
 Object-oriented programs
• Easy to understand, correct and modify
 Hybrid language
 C-like style
 Object-oriented style
 Both

20
Other High Level Languages
 Java (now under Oracle Corporation)
 1991: Sun Microsystems
 Green project
 1995: Sun Microsystems
 Formally announced Java at trade show
 OOP, C-like syntax, compact, portable, rich set of
libraries, and secure.
 Web pages with dynamic and interactive content (Applet)
 Develop large-scale enterprise applications
 Enhance functionality of web servers
 Provide applications for consumer devices
• Cell phones, pagers, personal digital assistants, …
21

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