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Module
8
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
• Represent real-life situations using
logarithmic functions.
• Distinguish logarithmic function, logarithmic
equation, and logarithmic inequality.
• Illustrate the basic properties of logarithms.
• Solve logarithmic equations and inequalities.
Lesson 1: Introduction to Logarithms
Definition
if and only if for
A logarithm is an exponent which must have to
produce .
In either equation, is called base and must be a
positive number, not equal to 1.
Lesson 1: Introduction to Logarithms
Logarithms and exponents allow us to express the
same relationship in two different ways.
Write each exponential equation in logarithmic
form.
Exponential equation Logarithmic form
 Exponential equation Logarithmic form

Write each logarithmic equation in exponential

form.
Logarithmic equation Exponential form
Lesson 1: Introduction to Logarithms
Common logarithms are logarithms with base 10; the
base 10 is usually omitted when writing common
logarithms. This means that log 𝑥 is a short notation
for .
Logarithms with base 𝑒 are called natural logarithms
and are denoted by “ln”. In other words, ln 𝑥 is
another way of writing . The number 𝑒 is
approximately 2.71828.
APPLICATION OF LOGARITHMS

Sound Intensity
In acoustics, the decibel(dB) level of a sound is

Where is the sound intensity in

The decibel level sound in a quiet office is .

What is the corresponding sound intensity in decibels?
 Sound Intensity
APPLICATION OF LOGARITHMS
In acoustics, the decibel(dB) level of a sound is

Where is the sound intensity in

The decibel level sound in a quiet office is .

What is the corresponding sound intensity in decibels?
Solution: Definition
if and only if for
.
Since by definition, is the exponent by which 10 must be
raised to obtain , then
Thus,
Lesson 2: Logarithmic Functions, Equations and
Inequalities

Contrast and compare the three expressions

below.
a)
b)
c)
 Lesson 2: Logarithmic Functions, Equations and
Inequalities
Contrast and compare the three expressions below.
a) b) c)

Logarithmic Logarithmic Logarithmic

Equation Inequality Function
Definition An equation An inequality Function of the form
involving involving ()
logarithms logarithms
Example y =−𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 ( 𝑥 − 2 )=5 lnx ≥ 9 2
Lesson 2: Logarithmic Functions, Equations and
Inequalities

A logarithmic equation or inequality can be

solved for all x values that satisfy the equation or
inequality. A logarithmic function expresses a
relationship between two variables and can be
represented by a table of values or a graph.
Lesson 3: Basic Properties Logarithms

Basic Properties of Logarithm

Let 𝑏 and 𝑥 be real number such that 𝑏 > 1 and 𝑏 ≠1.
1.
2.
3.
 Let 𝑏 and 𝑥 be real number such that 𝑏 > 1 and 𝑏 ≠1.
Lesson 3: Basic Properties Logarithms
1.

2.

3.

Illustrative Examples:
Find the value of the following logarithmic expressions.

2.
 Let 𝑏 and 𝑥 be real number such that 𝑏 > 1 and 𝑏 ≠1.
Lesson 3: Basic Properties Logarithms
1.

2.

3.

Illustrative Examples:
Find the value of the following logarithmic expressions.
4.
3.
 Let 𝑏 and 𝑥 be real number such that 𝑏 > 1 and 𝑏 ≠1.
Basic Properties Logarithms 1.

2.

3.

Illustrative Examples:
Find the value of the following logarithmic expressions.

5. ,
 LAWS OF LOGARITHMS

Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ | R. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then:

• Product Rule
• Quotient Rule
• n Power Rule
 CHANGE BASE FORMULA

Let 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 be positive real numbers, with 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑏

≠ 1.
 Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ | R. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then:
LAWS OF LOGARITHMS • Product Rule
• Quotient Rule
• n Power Rule

Illustrative Examples:
A. Use the properties of logarithms to expand each
expression in terms of the logarithms of the factors.

Product Rule
Power Rule
 Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ | R. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then:
LAWS OF LOGARITHMS • Product Rule
• Quotient Rule
• n Power Rule
Illustrative Examples:
A. Use the properties of logarithms to expand each expression in
terms of the logarithms of the factors.
2.
Power Rule
Quotient Rule
 LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ | R. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then:

• Product Rule
• Quotient Rule
• n Power Rule

Illustrative Examples:
A. Use the properties of logarithms to expand each expression in
terms of the logarithms of the factors.

3. ln[𝑥(𝑥 − 5)]
ln[𝑥(𝑥 − 5)] = ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 − 5) Product Rule
 LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ | R. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then:

• Product Rule
• Quotient Rule
• n Power Rule

Illustrative Examples:
B. Use the properties of logarithm to condense the
expressions as a single logarithm.
1. log 2 + log 3
log 2 + log 3 = log (2)(3)= log 6
 Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ | R. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then:
LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
• Product Rule
• Quotient Rule
• n Power Rule

Illustrative Examples:
B. Use the properties of logarithm to condense the expressions
as a single logarithm.

2.
 Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ | R. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then:
LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
• Product Rule
• Quotient Rule
• n Power Rule

Illustrative Examples:
B. Use the properties of logarithm to condense the expressions
as a single logarithm.

3.
 Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ | R. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then:
LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
• Product Rule
• Quotient Rule
• n Power Rule

Illustrative Examples:
B. Use the properties of logarithm to condense
the expressions as a single logarithm.
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 100=2
4)
Lesson 4: Solving Logarithmic Equations

A logarithmic equation is an equation containing a

variable in a logarithmic expression.

If a logarithmic equation is in the form , we can

solve the equation by rewriting it in its equivalent
exponential form .
Solving Logarithmic Equations

If a logarithmic equation is in the form , we can solve the equation by rewriting it in its
equivalent exponential form .

Example:

Solution:
Equivalent exponential equation

Subtract 8 from both sides

Solving Logarithmic Equations

If a logarithmic equation is in the form , we can solve the equation by rewriting it in its
equivalent exponential form .

Example: Checking:

Solution:
Solving Logarithmic Equations If a logarithmic equation is in the form , we can
solve the equation by rewriting it in its equivalent
exponential form .
Example:
b)
Solution:
Product rule of logarithm
Equivalent exponential equation
Apply distributive property and
Subtract 16 from both sides
Factor
Equate each factor to zero
Solve for x
Solving Logarithmic Equations

Example:
c)
Solution:
Take log of each side
Power rule of logarithm
Divide both sides by log 2
Any questions?
THAT’S ALL FOLKS!

SSir Ceasar