E & LS Chapter 3

EARTH MATERIALS
AND PROCESSES:
Minerals and Rocks

MINERALS AND ROCKS
Significant building blocks of our

dynamic Earth.
Make up the solid part of the
lithosphere and provide us w/
valuable resources.
Over 5,000 minerals but only a few
occur as rock-forming minerals.
Classified accdg. to their
origin of formation.
Gradually transformed from
one type to another – Rock
Cycle.
Determined by its texture,
composition, and internal
structure.
ROCKS
ROCK
Refers to the solid mass of the
lithosphere.
Naturally occurring solid
mixture of one or more
different minerals and other
organic matter.
Classified accdg. to their
origin of formation.
Gradually transformed from
one type to another – Rock
Cycle.
Determined by its texture,
composition, and internal
structure.
PETROLOGY
The science that is
concerned with the study
of rocks.
ACT. 4
ROCK BABY
ROCK!
3 MAIN CATEGORIES OF ROCKS
1.Igneous rocks
2.Sedimentary Rocks
3.Metamorphic rocks
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS
Latin word “ignis” w/c means fire.
Comes from magma, a molten
material from deep w/n the Earth
that cools and hardens. – exothermic
process (meaning heat is liberated)
and involves change of phase from
the liquid to the solid state.
`
Most abundant rocks

Hard and tough
IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE
CLASSIFIED INTO:
1.Texture
2. Composition
1. Texture
- general appearance of an
igneous rocks.
- - strongly affected by the rate
of cooling magma that
results in the formation
of crystals – are actually
minerals.
-The slower the rate of cooling,
the larger the crystals found in
the rock resulting in a coarse-
grained igneous rock.
The faster the rate of cooling,
the smaller the crystals are
and resulting into a fine -
grained igneous rock.
Coarse grained – phaneritic
Fined grained – aphanitic
Intermediate- between mafic
and felsic
Ultramafic- very dark color
2. COMPOSITION
Refers to the elements in
the magma that directly
affect the kind of mineral
that is formed when the
magma cools.
The composition of
igneous is directly
related to where the
magma is formed.
Magmas associated with
crustal spreading – mafic
Magmas associated with
crustal compression and
subduction - felsic
TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
1.Igneous Intrusive or
Plutonic Igneous
2.Igneous Extrusive also
known as Volcanic Igneous
IGNEOUS INTRUSIVE OR PLUTONIC IGNEOUS
Magmas that hardens

deep inside the crust.
Cools slowly and takes
thousands or even
millions of years to
solidify .
EXAMPLE OF IGNEOUS INTRUSIVE ROCKS
1.Granite
2.Gabbro
1. GRANITE
Most important rocks in
the crust.
Most common rock type.
Light-colored
Coarse-grained
Composed of silicon dioxide or
quartz - a clear colorless particle
that resembles a broken glass.
Contains feldspar or potassium-
aluminum silicate - like pieces of
milky white crystals.
There is also mica or
potassium-hydrogen-
aluminum silicate - flat, shiny
black crystals.
Can be used as building
stone, a material for
Nowadays, they are
being used as counter
tops in modern
kitchens.
Tough and heavy.
2. GABBRO
Dark - colored igneous rocks
often called “black granite”.
Dark color is due to a higher
content of iron and magnesium
but with a lower content of
quartz.
Formed by slow
cooling causes large
crystals to form giving
the rocks a coarse-
grained in texture.
DIORITE
• is an intrusive igneous rock
composed principally of the
silicate minerals plagioclase
feldspar (typically andesine),
biotite, hornblende, and/or
pyroxene.
• The chemical
composition of diorite
is intermediate,
between that of mafic
gabbro and
felsic granite.
ANDESITE
• Andesite is the name used for a
family of fine-grained,
extrusive igneous rocks that
are usually light to dark gray in
color. They often weather to
various shades of brown, and
these specimens must be
broken for proper examination.
• Andesite is rich in
plagioclase feldspar
minerals and may
contain biotite, pyroxene
, or amphibole. Andesite
usually does not
contain quartz or olivine.
IGNEOUS EXTRUSIVE/ VOLCANIC IGNEOUS
Magma may reach the

surface or erupt onto the
surface from volcanoes.
This extrusion is called
lava. When lava cools it
solidifies.
Fine-grained in texture.
Little or no crystals
Glassy
Aphanitic texture
Make the soil in the
surrounding areas fertile.
Examples of Igneous
Extrusive
1.Basalt
2.Obsidian
3.Pumice
4.Scoria
Basalt
• Mafic silicate rock
• Dark-colored
• Fine-grained
• With high specific gravity
• High content of iron,
magnesium and feldspar.
OBSIDIAN
• Formed from lava
• Dark-colored but glassy
• No crystals
• Used for weapons and
tools.
PUMICE
• Presence of air holes
• Light- colored
• Low density that floats in
water
• Valuable for grinding,
scrubbing, and polishing.
Scoria
• Formed in the same
manner as pumice
• Longer holes
• Denser and darker.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Formed from
“lithification”_ a process
of cementing soft,
unconsolidated sediments
into hard rocks.
• Provide information about
surface conditions that existed in
the Earth’s past.
Deposition
• The transported rock
pieces settle at the
bottom.
Sediments
•The rocks that
are deposited.
Sedimentation
• Sediments build up in
strata.
• They pile up by layer.
Compaction
• The weight of sediments
on top squashes the
sediments at the bottom,
causing the sediments at
the lower layer to harden.
• Leads to cementation
Cementation
• The water is squeezed
out from between the
pieces of rock and
diff. salt crystal are
form.
Salt crystals
• A sort of glue that
bonds or cements the
clasts (rock
fragments) together.
3 Main Types of Sedimentary Rocks
1.Clastic sedimentary rocks

2.Chemical sedimentary
rocks
3.Organic sedimentary
rocks
1. Clastic sedimentary rocks
• Derived from mechanical
weathering w/c involves the
breakdown of rocks into smaller
ones at the surface of the crust,
accumulate as clasts, piled on
top of one another and
“lithified”
2. Chemical sedimentary rocks
• Form when dissolve
materials precipitate.
Precipitation is the process
of separating a solid
substance from a liquid.
3. Organic sedimentary rocks
• Formed by accumulated
sedimentary debris caused by
organic processes.
These are rocks that may contain
fossils of plants and animals
trapped in the sediments as the
rock was formed.
Common Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
1.Conglomerate
2.Sandstones
3.Shale
4.Limestone
1. Conglomerate
• Made up of pebbles, pieces of gravel
cemented together.
• Usually formed at the beaches, foot
of mountains and riverbeds.
• Become hills and ridges.
• Difficult to erode
• Use as building stones
2. Sandstone
• Made up of sand grains.
• Composed of quartz
• Medium weight and appear shiny and
generally rough
• Develop where a rapidly moving water slows
down.
• Strong and resistant to weathering
• Can be cut into blocks, used to build
beautiful walls, steps or fences.
3. Shale
• Made from layers of mud and
chemical mixed w/ fined sand,
organic matter, iron oxide and other
impurities.
• Most common sedimentary rock.
• Smooth and easily breaks into layers
• Gray or brown in color.
4. Limestone
• Made up of mostly
calcium carbonate.
• Came from dead
organisms.
• Gray in color and heavy.
`
3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
“meta” change and
“morph” form.
TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
A. Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks

 These rocks are formed around igneous
intrusive.
 show colored bands that reflect very small
impurities.
 They have uniform in texture and do not have
a parallel layered appearance.
 They are better identified on the basis of
their composition.
EXAMPLE OF NON-FOLIATED
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
1. Marble -is derived from limestone.
2. Quartzite- derived from sandstone,

that’s why it is like sandstone.
B. FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
These are metamorphic rocks

formed within the earth’s
interior under extremely high
temperature and unequal
pressure.
EXAMPLES OF FOLIATED
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
1. Slate- is derived from shale.
2. Serpentine- is used for both mineral

and a metamorphic rock. It
originates from basalt.
3.Gneiss- is derived from

conglomerate.
TYPES OF
METAMORPHISM
1. Contact (thermal) Metamorphism-

evolves when rocks near igneous
intrusive get heated.
2. Regional Metamorphism (pressure) -

affects a larger area, commonly due
to mountain formation.
ROCK CYCLE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
1.Color- depending on how they are

formed.
2.Luster- is the way light interacts with
the surface of a crystal or mineral.
3.Streak- refers to the color displayed
in finely powdered form left behind
when rubbed on a rough surface.
4. Hardness- refers to the resistance of a mineral to
scratching.
5. Specific Gravity_ refers to the mass of the mineral

compared to the mass of an equal volume of water.
6. Cleavage or Fracture- Cleavage is how smoothly

the minerals break. If the minerals break apart in
similar pieces, it is said to have good cleavage. And
if it breaks like a piece of glass with uneven,
jagged edges, it is classified as fracture.

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EARTH MATERIALS

Minerals and Rocks

Significant building blocks of our

Most abundant rocks

Magmas that hardens

Magma may reach the

1.Clastic sedimentary rocks

A. Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks

1. Marble -is derived from limestone.

2. Quartzite- derived from sandstone,

These are metamorphic rocks

2. Serpentine- is used for both mineral

3.Gneiss- is derived from

1. Contact (thermal) Metamorphism-

2. Regional Metamorphism (pressure) -

1.Color- depending on how they are

5. Specific Gravity_ refers to the mass of the mineral

6. Cleavage or Fracture- Cleavage is how smoothly

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